Zviri mukati
Mole anorarama kwenguva yakareba sei?
Avhareji yehupenyu hwe mole ndeye makore 4-5, asi dzimwe nguva inogona kusvika makore manomwe. Nekudaro, kufa kwechisikigo mumamoles hakuwanzo nekuda kwekukwikwidza kwenzvimbo, kuratidzwa kwechirwere uye kuita kwevanhu, izvo zvinokanganisa huwandu hwavo.
Mubvunzo wehupenyu hwehupenyu hwema moles ndeyekufarira, sezvo mararamiro avo epasi pevhu anoita kuti zviome kuona. Moles anogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira minda, mafuro, masango, magadheni emiriwo uye minda yemichero, asi zvakaoma kuona.
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti chikamu chikuru chekudya kwema moles midzi uye tubers. Nokudaro, vanowanzogara pedyo nemapindu nemapindu emiriwo, izvo zvinogadzira kusawirirana nevanhu. Mambure anotora zvirimwa zvinorimwa paminda sepfuma yavo. Vanounganidza zvirimwa uye kugadzira matura echando, vachizvichengeta, semuenzaniso, munzvimbo dzekuchengetera pasi pevhu.
Mhuka idzi dzinomanikidzwa kudya nguva nenguva nekuda kwehukuru hushoma hwedumbu radzo. Kushaya zvokudya kunogona kutungamirira kurufu rwavo nokukurumidza.
Moles zvisikwa zvipenyu. Zhizha rinovaitira nyore sezvo kune chikafu chakawanda chemhuka chiripo setumbuyu, makonye nehozhwa. Pane dzimwe nguva dzegore, kana chikafu chikashaikwa, makoko anoenda kunzvimbo dzakachengetwa munzvimbo dzakakosha.
Zvisinei, pasinei nokukwanisa kwavo kuchengetedza mari, vanhu vanowanzosafarira zvipfukuto. Panzvimbo pokuyemura iri simba risingazivikanwi remhuka rokuunganidza, vanhu vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuiparadza. Vanozadza mapako nemvura vachishandisa chibooreso, vanoisa misungo uye vanoshandisa chepfu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hupenyu hwemapundu hunowanzopfupikiswa. Zvirwere zvinotyisidzirawo kurarama kwavo, sezvo zvipembenene zvinotapukirwa nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Vanogona kukuvadzwa ne helminths uye zvipembenene zveparasitic.
Pasinei nengozi dzose, zvipfukuto zvinogara munzvimbo dzakafara, kubva kuEurope kusvika kuNorth America, kufukidza Asia. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti zvisikwa izvi zvinoita basa rinokosha pakusunungura ivhu. Basa ravo rinokurudzira kuwedzera kweokisijeni kumidzi yezvirimwa munzvimbo yavo yakapoteredza, zvichikurudzira kukura kwavo nekukura. Zvibereko munzvimbo dzinogara zvipfukuto zvinowanzokwirira, kunze kwekunge pavanenge vachigadzira chikamu chakanakisa chechirimwa vochichengeta munzvimbo dzavanochengetera pasi pevhu. Vanogona kunyange kuba garlic, ivo vane hunyanzvi munyaya iyi!
Iyo mole inoita basa rakakosha mune ecological system yepasi redu uye yakakosha kuchengetedza, senge dzimwe mhuka. Kupedzwa kusina musoro kwema moles nevanhu kunogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana mollusks, makonye uye zvipembenene zvinokuvadza. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mubvunzo uchamuka wekuti ndiani anokuvadza minda yemuriwo uye minda yemichero zvakanyanya - moles kana izvi zvipembenene. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakabatana zvikuru, uye zvipfukuto zvinotamba chikamu chazvo mudandemutande iri rakaomarara rehupenyu, richirarama kwemakore mana kusvika mashanu.
Mararamiro emboro
Moles anowanzo kufananidzwa nemakonzo, asi ane mutsauko wakakura: moles haana shaya ine simba semakonzo, saka vanosarudza nzvimbo dzine ivhu rakapfava ravanogona kuchera nemakumbo avo.
Mukuwedzera, ma moles anogona kushambira uye kuyambuka nzizi duku, iyo inosimbiswa nemigwagwa yepasi pevhu inokanganiswa pamberi pemvura uye inopfuurira shure kwavo. Nekudaro, ma moles haawanzo kuoneka pamusoro, uye kunyangwe kana achinge aonekwa, anozvibata zvisingaite, sezvo ari mapofu zvachose uye asina kujaira nharaunda kunze kwenzira dzawo. Ndiko kusaka dzichifamba nekukambaira. Kuona kwavo kunogumira chete nemusiyano wechiedza nerima.
Zviratidzo zvekunze zvema moles zvinosanganisira:
- Ganda rinopenya nemvere pfupi pfupi.
- Iyo proboscis yakareba ine mhino pazasi.
—Mapango mahombe ekumberi, akaita sefoshoro, akatarisa mudenga.
- Diki, makumbo eshure asina kunyatsogadzirwa.
— Maziso madiki asingaone zvakanaka.
- Kureba kwemuviri kubva pa110 kusvika ku170 millimeters uye uremu kubva pa60 kusvika ku150 gramu.
- Muswe mupfupi.
Cute mboro mumaoko emurume
Hupenyu hwema moles hunosanganisira:
- Madzimai anozvara vana vana kubva muna Kukadzi kusvika muna Chivabvu.
- Kuchengetwa kwevana, izvo zvinotora kusvika kumavhiki mapfumbamwe, panguva iyo vanokura kuva vanhu vakuru.
-Kusikwa kwemhuri itsva mushure menguva iyi.
Moles anopedza huzhinji hwehupenyu hwawo ari ega, kunze kwemwaka wekubereka. Ivo havawanzo shandura nzvimbo yavo yekugara uye vanoisa pfungwa mune imwe tunnel system. Moles anoshandisa musk glands kukwezva vakaroorana uye mhuka. Kuti vararame, vanofanirwa kudya honye zhinji, uye kana kuwana kwairi kuchityisidzirwa nekuderera, vanowedzera tunnel yavo. Matanho aya anogona kureba anopfuura zana emamita uye anouya mumhando mbiri: kutsvaga uye yekugara. Mukuwedzera, ma moles anoda mvura, saka anogadzira nzira dzinotungamirira kumitumbi yemvura.
Habitats yemamoles nemhando dzawo
Mhuri yemamole inofarira kugara mumasango ane mashizha uye ane mashizha akafara. Zvisinei, dzinozivikanwawo kuva vavengi vevarimi, sezvo kutsvaga kwadzo mhuka dzinowanzodziendesa mumapindu nemuminda kunogara makonye nezvimwe zvipembenene. Underground network yemamole tunnels inogona kukonzera matambudziko akasiyana siyana, kusanganisira kukanganisa kwenzvimbo uye kurira, pamwe nekuparadzwa kwezvirimwa zvakawanda. Moles anofarira ivhu rakaorera uye anodzivirira peaty kana nzvimbo dzine jecha.
Nekudaro, kuvepo kwemamoles mumagadheni emiriwo uye minda yebindu kunogonawo kubatsira. Dzinosunungura ivhu, zvichiita kuti ripfave uye nyoro, uye dzinobatsira kuderedza nhamba yezvipembenene zvinokonzera kukanganisa zvirimwa. Moles, zvisinei nebasa ravo pasi pevhu, haadye zvirimwa nemidzi muzvokudya zvavo.
Saka, nzvimbo huru dzekugara kwema moles dzinosanganisira:
- Meadows.
- Masango, kunyanya miti midiki yebirch uye makopi ane deciduous.
- Clearings.
— Nzvimbo dziri pedyo nemigwagwa.
- Zvirongwa zvebindu.
— Mapaki eguta.
Makonye anofarira nzvimbo dzinowana chiedza chezuva chakawanda uye dzine chikafu chakawanda semakonye, matumbu uye tumbuyu. Uyewo chinhu chakakosha kunyorova kwepakati penzvimbo. Moles inodzivirira masango akaomeswa, masango emipaini, machakwi nenzvimbo dzine midzi yakasimba yemiti. Kusarudzwa kwekugara kunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, kushanduka kwemwaka uye kuwanikwa kwekudya.
Ko zvipfukuto zvinodyei uye zvinodyei?
Masayendisiti agara achifarira kudya kwema moles, uye mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa yakaratidza kuti chikafu chema moles chinongobva kumhuka. Mafibisi emiti anogona kumwiwa nemakonye netsaona kana nekudya kwemhuka semakonye. Nekudaro, kunyangwe chikafu chekudyara chikapinda mumuviri wemole, hachikwanise kuchichera, uye chinongopfuura nepakati pacho.
Kutsvaga chikafu, makoko anocherekedza tunzira nyowani, kunyanya kana chikafu munzvimbo dzekare chapera. Kana pane kushayikwa kwezvinowanzojairwa, sehonye, zvipembenene uye mhute, moles inogona kudya madiki vertebrates, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange matatya nemakonzo.
Nekuda kwekuita kwavo nguva dzose pasi pevhu, makoko anopedza simba rakawanda uye anoda chikafu chakawanda kuti awanezve. Vane high metabolism uye vanogona kudya zvokudya zvinorema kupfuura uremu hwavo (70-140 gramu) zuva rose. Kana iyo mole ine nzara kwazvo, inogona kudya mhuka, sehonye, zvachose pamusoro pevhu, asi ine nzara ine mwero, mhuka inotapirwa mugomba uye inodyiwa imomo.
Moles ine yakanakisa metabolism, iyo inovabvumira kugaya chikafu nekukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, vanogona kugaya magiramu makumi mashanu ezvokudya mumaminitsi makumi matatu chete, pasinei nokuti dumbu ravo rinogona kubata magiramu makumi maviri chete. Mushure memaawa 50-30 ivo vakagadzirira kudya kunotevera, uye pakati pekudya pane kazhinji kuputsa nenzira yenguva pfupi yekurara.
Munguva yechando, ma moles haanyanyi kushanda uye haanyanyi kutyisa, sezvaanochera zvishoma uye kushandisa simba shoma.
Kuti ive nechokwadi chekupihwa munguva yechando, makonye anogona kubata honye uye kungoruma misoro yavo, ichivasiya vasina kufamba asi vari vapenyu. Aya makonye “asina kufamba” anobva aiswa mumitsara pamadziro enzira dzawo.
Mukuwedzera, ma moles anoda kuwana mvura, uye saka nguva dzose sarudza nzvimbo dzekugara pedyo nemitumbi yemvura.
Kuberekwa kwema moles
Fertilization yezvipfukuto zvechikadzi inotanga pakupera kwaApril kana kutanga kwaMay, uye nguva yekuzvitakura imavhiki mashanu kusvika matanhatu. Paavhareji, mukadzi wega wega anozvara vana 5-6. Kazhinji, mukadzi mumwe chete anogumira kune rimwe marara mukati megore, asi mune dzimwe nzvimbo, seBelarus, marita maviri anogona kuitika.
Mhururu inodyiswa naamai vavo kwemavhiki mana. Sezvavanokura, vaduku vanova nehasha kune mumwe nomumwe. Pazera remwedzi miviri vanotanga kutungamirira mararamiro akazvimirira.
Kugadziriswa kwevanhu vazhinji kunoitika kubva kutanga kwaChikunguru uye kunoenderera kusvika pakupera kwaNyamavhuvhu. Iyi nzira inokurumidza, sezvo vadiki vanogona kufamba nekumhanya kusvika pamamita mashanu paminiti, uye mumaawa makumi maviri vanogona kuvhara chinhambwe chinosvika 5 metres. Vakuru vanogona kufamba zvakatokurumidza, vachisvika pakumhanya kusvika pamamita makumi mashanu mumaminitsi makumi maviri.
Kune mana marudzi emamoles anowanikwa muRussia:
1. European mole (Talpa europaea) ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa mhuka inogara munzvimbo yesango yeEurope chikamu cheRussia. Rudzi urwu rwema mole hunoonekwa sehukuru; kureba kwemuviri wavo kunogona kusvika masendimita makumi maviri nenomwe uye uremu - 27 gramu. Bvudzi riri pamuswe rinoshandiswa pakubata, zvichiita kuti zvipfukuto zvifambe neshure mukati metunnels dzawo.
2. Altai mole (Talpa altaica) - inowanikwa kunyanya kuSiberia. Mhando iyi ndiyo yechipiri muhukuru mushure meEurope, inosvika masendimita makumi maviri pakureba uye inorema kusvika 20 gramu. Altai moles ane maziso akazaruka, ayo akaoma kuona mumvere dzawo dzakakora.
3. Diki mole (Talpa levantis) - inogara muCiscaucasia neCaucasus. Rudzi urwu ndirwo rudiki pakati pemamoles, kureba kwemuviri wavo hakupfuuri masendimita gumi nerimwe uye uremu hwawo hunenge magiramu makumi matatu. Madiki mamoles haadye pahonye dzepasi, senge mamwe marudzi mazhinji emamole.
4. Caucasian mole (Talpa caucasica) - inogarawo muCaucasus neCiscaucasia. Rudzi urwu rune runako rwekaryotype ine 38 chromosomes, kusiyana ne34 kana 36 mune mamwe marudzi. Saizi yemuviri ndeyepakati, nehurefu hunosvika masendimita gumi nemana uye huremu hwe14 kusvika ku40 gramu. Mhando iyi haina kuchengetedzwa zvisina kunaka, kunze kwemamwe marudzi anowanikwa kumadokero kweGeorgia.
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