Sei tichida zvikwekwe mumasikirwo: zvine ngozi sei "bloodsuckers" inobatsira

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7 min. yekuverenga

Mitikiti inotyisa uye inonyangadza kuvanhu vazhinji, izvo hazvishamisi, nokuti arachnids haina kuzviratidza ivo pachavo nenzira yakanakisisa. Zvipembenene zvakasikwa nemasikirwo kwete kungokuvadza uye kuparadza, asiwo kubatsira vanhu nepasi rose. Sei zvikwekwe zvichidikanwa mumasikirwo: parasitize uye kuve "zvakarongeka", kuparadza zvekurima nekuzviponesa, kuparadzira zvirwere zvine njodzi, asi panguva imwechete kuva vaccinators.

Zviri mukati

Ndivanaani zvikwekwe
- Mhando huru dzezvikwekwe uye mararamiro avo
Kukosha kwezvikwekwe muzvisikwa uye hupenyu hwevanhu
Ndeapi marudzi emakiti anonzi anobatsira

Ndivanaani zvikwekwe

Zvikwekwe chikamu chidiki chemhuri yeArachnid. Vazhinji vavo vane microscopic muviri saizi, nzvimbo yekugara yakaderera uswa uye miti. Ruzhinji haruna ngozi kuvanhu, zvichikonzera kushatirwa kweganda chete pakubata.

Nhamba shoma yezvipenyu zvipembenene uye zvirwere zvinotapukira, nepo vazhinji vari vakasununguka-vanorarama saprophages uye zvikara zvinodya zvinoora organic zvinhu, nokudaro vanoita basa rinokosha mukuumbwa kwevhu humus, iyo inobatsira kune zvakasikwa.

Kune saprophages inodya muchero wezvirimwa zvakarimwa, zvipembenene zvehupfumi, pamwe chete nezvikara umo chiitiko che omovampirism chinoitika: apo munhu ane nzara anorwisa mumiriri akadyiswa wemarudzi ayo uye anodya paropa. akanwa.

Mhando huru dzezvikwekwe uye mararamiro avo

Muzvisikwa, kune anopfuura makumi mashanu nemana madiki e arachnids, imwe neimwe ine maitiro ayo uye mararamiro.

taiga chikwekwe

Inogara munharaunda yeRussia, Belarus, nyika dzeBaltic uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwemahombekombe eFinland, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeWestern Europe. Iyi mhuka inodya mhuka dzinoyamwisa, shiri uye zvinokambaira, sekutonga, hazvikwiri kusvika pakakwirira kupfuura mamita 1, uye kuvhima mhuka muuswa hwakaderera. Taiga arachnids ine ngozi, inotakura utachiona hweencephalitis hunokonzerwa nekitiki.

European wood tick

Inogara muEurope yose, Crimea uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweAfrica. Inovhima mumasango ane mashizha akafara, mafuro nemakwenzi. Kushanda munzvimbo dzakaoma. Inodya marudzi ese emhuka dzinoyamwisa, shiri nezvinokambaira, ine hasha kuvanhu, uye inotakura utachiona hwezvirwere zvinouraya mumombe.

meadow mite

Mumwe mugari wemasango ane deciduous uye ari pedyo muSiberia neEurope, anofarira nzvimbo dzakavhurika uye uswa hwakaderera, uye anokwanisawo kushivirira mafashamo. Inosiyana mukudzivirirwa nechando, inotakura mapoka ezvirwere zvakanyanya febrile uye zvine njodzi zvirwere zvinotapukira senge tick-borne encephalitis neCrimean Congo fever.

Gamasid mite

Vamiririri vadiki vemarudzi akajairika, avhareji saizi ndeye 4mm. Zvikara zvinodya tumhuka tusina vertebrae. Pasinei nehukuru hwayo, mhuka dzegamasid dzinogona kukonzera dermatitis uye typhus muvanhu.

Zvipembenene zvisingakuvadzi zvakanyanya kuvanhu iPhytoseiidae. Iyi imhuka yemhuka inodya saprophages. Zuva rinogona kudya hama dzinosvika makumi maviri. Iwowo masikirwo emagetsi ehuwandu hwesaprophages, rudzi urwu runoshandiswa mukurwisana nevanotyora mutemo wekurima.

Nhengo dzemhuri yePhytoseiidae.

Kukosha kwezvikwekwe muzvisikwa uye hupenyu hwevanhu

Basa re arachnids mune zvakasikwa rakakura, usazvirerutsa. Mushure mezvose, ivo vanogadzirisa huwandu hwearthropods, iyo inobatsira mukurwisa zvipembenene mukurima uye masango. Mhando dze saprophytes:

kutora chikamu muzvirongwa zvekuumbwa kwevhu;
kubatsirwa mukushandiswa kwehupenyu mumasikirwo, kutora chikamu mukuora uye kunyorovesa kwezvirimwa nemhuka zvakasara;
kuwedzera porosity yevhu;
kuparadzira tupukanana tunobatsira muvhu rose.

Zvikara zvinobatsirwa nekutamba basa re "kurongeka", kudya zvipembenene zveparasitic uye kuchenesa zvirimwa zvezvinokuvadza spores. Mune foci yezvirwere zvinotapukira, ivo vari vaccinators echisikigo, vanobatsira kuchengetedza chiyero muchimiro chehuwandu. Predatory phytoseids inoshandiswa mukurwisa spider web tupukanana.

NEI MAMATIKI ACHIDIWA MUZVISIKWA?

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Miti yemusango inodyei?

Mhuka dzesango dzinodya dzinodya mhuka dzadzo - mhuka dzinoyamwisa, shiri uye zvimwe zvisikwa zvesango izvo zvavanogona kubatirira. Mhuka iyi haironge kurwisa uye haisvetuke pavari kubatwa, inobatirira payakananga kana yabata chipande chehuswa panogara chikwekwe. Sezvo vagara zvakasimba pamhuka, vanotsvaka nzvimbo yekudya, kazhinji musoro kana mutsipa, saka mhuka haigoni kuparadza utachiona pachayo.

Masango saprophages anodya pakuora organic zvinhu uye ivhu fungi, kubatsira hunhu.

vavengi venyama

Zvikwekwe zvinogara pazasi chinongedzo checheni yechikafu, saka kune vazhinji vanoda kuzvidya. Pasinei nekuti maparasite anoda kudya ropa reshiri, ivo pachavo vanowanzova vanyajambwa. Shiri, kudya kweparasite:

thrush;
Kuku
zvihuta;
black grouse;

guinea fowl;
chikwekwe weaver;
starling;
wolf peck.

Inonyanya kushanda mukuparadzwa kwe arachnids inokuvadza ishiri duku. Pane dzidziso yokuti shiri dzinodya mite dzakanyatsodyiswa, sezvo dzichikwezvwa nekunhuhwirira kweropa, nekuda kwekuti vanhu vane nzara vane mukana uri nani wekurarama.

Vavengi vezvipembenene pakati pezvipembenene:

dandemutande;
mukonikoni;

pfuti pasi;
tsikidzi.

Pazvipembenene, chikuru chinoparadza arachnids isvosve. Kana muvengi akaonekwa, majuru anopa chiratidzo kuhama dzawo uye anomurwisa neuto. Masvosve ehuni matsvuku anopinza chepfu kune anotyora miganhu uye anoenda nayo kune masvosve, idya iyo yakabatwa ivo pachavo kana kuidyisa kune vana. Nekuda kweizvi, zvikwekwe zvine kutya uye kurambwa kwekunhuhwirira kwefomic acid pane gene level.

Vavengi pakati peamphibians:

matatya nematatya;
madzvinyu;

salamanders;
chameleons.

Zvikwekwe chinhu chakakosha chinongedzo mucheni yechikafu. Kana vanhu vakaparadza huwandu hwevanhu, saka marudzi mazhinji eshiri uye amphibians achanyangarika mushure mezvikwekwe, zvichikonzera domino mhedzisiro inozokonzera kukanganisa kusingagadzirike kune zvakasikwa.

Vavengi vezvakasikwa vezvikwekwe.

Zvakanakira zvikwekwe

Kushamwaridzana kwakashata kwevanhu vane zvipembenene hazviregi chokwadi chokuti arachnids inobatsira kune zvakasikwa. Mune ecosystem, maparasite ndiwo chinongedzo mucheni yese yechikafu. Zvakanakira zvikwekwe hazvirambike uye chikamu chakakosha chechisikigo.

Kubatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwevhu

Muhurukuro pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwevhu, vanogara vachitaura nezvemakonye uye vanowanzokanganwa kutaura shell uye pasi mite. Earthworms ishoma muhuwandu, asi arthropods haisi. Munhu anofamba pasi uye haazivi kuti kune zvakawanda zvipenyu zvisingaoneki pasi petsoka dzavo, nokuti dziri kwose kwose. Basa guru re "zvipembenene" ndiyo nzira yekuchinja kwemaminerari muvhu, kusanganiswa kwevhu, kugadzirisa masara ehupenyu. Zvinhu zvipenyu zvidukuduku zvinogara muzvikamu zvepamusoro zvevhu zvinogaya zvinhu zvakafa, zvogadzira mhunga yakaorera. Nhamba yevhu arthropods pa 1 m2 ndeye 50-250 zviuru zvevanhu.

Kuparadzwa kwehama dzavo - spider arthropods

Zvirimwa zvinorapwa ne “dziviriro” dzekugadzira kudzora tsinga, asi kurapwa kunodzokororwa kunoguma nekusakurira marudzi ezvipembenene. Synthetic chepfu yakawana imwe nzira - inodya arthropods inodya "hama". Pakati pezvipenyu zvese zvinokwanisa kuparadza mhunga uye spider parasite, vamiriri vemhuri inodya Phytoseiidae vanoonekwa seanonyanya kushanda; varimi vanonyanya kukura iyi mhando uye vanoibatanidza kune vasingadiwe vashanyi.

Kuchenesa zvirimwa kubva kune spores

Arachnids saprophages inodya pane spores yeparasitic fungi, ichiita symbiosis nemuti. Muenzaniso wakajairika: tinder fungus inobata muti, arthropod, zvakare, inodya fungal spores, ichidzivirira muti kubva pakuparadzwa. Kunyangwe zvimiro zveparasitic, zvipembenene zvine makumbo masere zvinounza mabhenefiti asingarambike kuzvirimwa nekudya paparasitic fungi.

Kugadzirwa kwechizi

MuGermany neFrance, mhando dzakasiyana dzechizi dzakagadzirwa nerubatsiro rwematiki kwenguva yakareba. Cheese, yakanyatsogadziriswa, inowana piquant kuravira, kunhuwa uye mharidzo. Kubatsira uku kwakaonekwa nemukana uye kwakafarirwa nemagourmets. Arachnids, iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwechizi mukupfuura, ndeyemhando dzehupfu.

Kubvisa marwadzo mumishonga

Nama inobvisa marwadzo mumate echikwekwe inoita basa guru mukurapa. Zvishongedzo zvekurapa zvine chepfu kana kuti hazvizadzise basa razvo zvizere, asi zvinonamira zviri mumate e arachnids ndezvakasikwa, kureva kuti, hazvikonzerese kukuvadza uye hazvikonzere allergies, zvinonamatira pamwe nehupamhi hwepamusoro.

Kuvandudzwa kwezvinodhaka

Kubatsira kukuru kwesaprophages ndiko kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni anobatsira mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yezvirwere zvine ngozi kuvanhu, izvo zvichave zvakakosha mukurapa kunyange vanhu vane HIV.

Kukuvadza vanhu

Zvikwekwe zvakazvimisikidza sezvipembenene zvine ngozi, kunyangwe zvakanakira zvisikwa.

Kune vamiririri vakawanda vane kurumwa kwavo kunotungamirira kwete kungoita fivha uye kusagadzikana kwenguva pfupi, asi kurufu.

Parasitic saprophages, senge hupfu hwehupfu, inoparadza zviyo uye zviyo, inokuvadza zvekurima. Nzeve arachnids inodya pazvipfuyo uye mhuka dzepamba, zvichikonzera marwadzo uye kuparadzira mavhairasi ane njodzi nezvirwere.

Kuparadzira zvirwere zvine ngozi

Zvikwekwe zvinotakura utachiona hwezvirwere zvine njodzi, zvinonyanyozivikanwa ndezvizvi: Chirwere cheLyme uye encephalitis inotakura zvikwekwe. Zvisere chete kubva muzana zvezvikwekwe ndizvo zvinotakura zvirwere izvi, asi 8% yezvikwekwe zvisingaverengeki chikamu chikuru kubva muzana. Zvimwe zvirwere zvishoma zvinokuvadzawo kuvanhu: erylichiosis, tick-borne typhus, dermatitis, tularemia uye fivha yakasvibiswa.

Kudya zvirimwa

Zviyo uye saprophages ane makumbo matsvuku anobvarura epidermis yezvirimwa uye anodya muto une chlorophyll. Kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kunotungamira kurufu rwechirimwa, uye avo vanopona vanotapukirwa nefungal uye hutachiona zvirwere. Zvipembenene zvinokanganisa mabasa ekurima nekutapurira utachiona uye kuparadza zvirimwa. Kurasikirwa kwegoho kunosvika 70%, uye kukuvara kwechirimwa kusvika ku100%. Chiyero chekuputsika kwezviyo mite kunoenderana nenguva yekuonekwa kwesaprophages - gorosi inotapukirwa nekuparadzwa uye kutapukirwa nemavhairasi mumatanho ekutanga ekukura.

Kukonzera allergies uye kukuvadza muviri

Subcutaneous uye scabious arachnids inokonzera dermatitis uye yakaoma allergic reactions. Hadzi chete dzinokandira mazai pasi peganda dzine njodzi kumuviri. Kukweshwa kwehadzi kunorarama kwemwedzi uye kunokandira mazai makumi mapfumbamwe muupenyu hwayo. Kukundwa kwemuviri kunosvika kune zvakakomba, tisingatauri kusagadzikana kusingagoneki.

Zvipembenene pamiti, mhuka uye vanhu

Kune anopfuura zana ezvirwere zvemumba zvine njodzi, mhuka dzekurima, zvidyarwa nevanhu, mukugoverwa uko mhuri dze100 dzezvikwekwe dzinobatanidzwa. Maererano nenzvimbo yekugara pamuviri wemhuka nevanhu, arachnids yakakamurwa kuva mapoka akati wandei: dermal, subcutaneous, feather, band. Maererano nechimiro cheparasitism - chisingaperi, chenguva pfupi uye chisina kujairika. Parasitizing pazvirimwa, mhuka uye vanhu dzimwe nguva zvinokonzeresa kukuvadza kusingagadzirisiki kune zvipenyu.

Ndeapi marudzi emakiti anonzi anobatsira

MaArachnids ndiwo mazhinji ezvipembenene, asi anounzawo mabhenefiti makuru. Zvikwekwe hazvisi "zvakanaka" kana "zvakaipa", chinhu chechisikigo chinodarika kukuvadza kunokonzera zvisikwa zvine pundutso.

Ndezvipi zvikwekwe zvinobatsira:

mhando dzeminhenga dzinowanzodya kwete neropa, asi nefungi uye mabhakitiriya ane ngozi kune shiri, achigadzira symbiosis uye kuva "kurongeka" kunochenesa minhenga yeshiri;
Tyroglyphus longior, inobatsira pakuita chizi kutengeswa;
Phytoseiidae - mhando yegamasid inobatsira nekuparadza hama parasitic pamiti.

MitikitiChikwekwe chinogona kuruma uye kukambaira kure: zvikonzero zvekurwiswa, matekiniki uye matekiniki e "bloodsuckers"

Zvadaro

MitikitiTick nymph: mufananidzo uye tsananguro yekuti ane ngozi sei mwana arachnid