Chii chinonzi nhunzi - ipembenene here kana kwete: dossier yakakwana pane "buzzing pest"

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7 min. yekuverenga

Anenge munhu wese paPasi asangana nenhunzi. Vanogara pasi rose, uko mamiriro ekunze anogona kusvika kupfuura 10-15 degrees. Kune mhando yakakura yevamiririri ava. Vane maitiro avo, maitiro, mararamiro ehupenyu, kudya, nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Chipembenene rudzii nhunzi?

Nhunzi imwe yemhando dzezvipembenene zvinosiyaniswa nehunhu hwadzo hwakasiyana. Mumiriri weDiptera ndewe phylum yeArthropods. Kureba kwemuviri wavo kunogona kuve kwakasiyana kwazvo kubva pamamirimita kusvika ku2 masendimita. Hupenyu hunoenderana nerudzi. Hupenyu hwenhunzi yakareba-refu haipfuuri mwedzi mitatu.
Vanogara muchikamu chikuru chepasi. Kutenda kusarudzwa kwechisikigo, zvisikwa izvi hazvipfuuri pasi rose. Pasina kusarudzwa kwechisikigo, nhunzi dzakawanda kwazvo dzaigona kuoneka paNyika mugore rimwe chete zvekuti dzaizofukidza pasi rose nemasendimita mashoma. Vamwe vanodya zvakaora kana nyama, nekita kana zvirimwa.
Vamiririri ava vane chimiro chechiratidzo chakasiyana. Ziso ravo rimwe chete rine mazana akati kuti kana zviuru zvemaziso maduku, ayo akabatanidzwa kuva mufananidzo mumwe chete. Izvi zvinobvumira zvitarisiko zvepamberi kuti zvinyatso tariswa uye zvakare kuwana inenge yese-kutenderera kuona. Nzira yavo yekudyisa haina kunyanya kusiyana nemamwe marudzi. Dzimwe nhunzi dzinodya zvese zvadzinoona, dzinonzi polyphagous. 

Ko zvipembenene (nhunzi) zvinotaridzika sei?

Vamiririri ava vane mapapiro maviri. Nerubatsiro rwavo, vanokwanisa kusimudzira kumhanya kwepamusoro kubata mhuka uye kudzivirira zvikara. Mukuwedzera kune mapapiro, vane mapapiro emapapiro anogadzirisa kona yekutenderera uye anokubvumirawo kuti ugare mumhepo munzvimbo imwe chete.
Musoro une chimiro chakaurungana. Kune maziso pairi, ayo ari emhando yemhando. Kutenda kumazana emaziso maduku, kuona kwavo kunosanganiswa kuva mufananidzo mumwe. Pakazara, nhunzi, semhuka dzakawanda, ine maziso maviri.
Chishandiso chemuromo ndecherudzi rwekusveta. Yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvinopinda muchikafu. Mumhando dzinodya nyama kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakasimba, midziyo yemuromo inogadziriswa zvishoma. Inenge yave mberi uye ine ndiro dzinoita kuti ikwanise kuruma neganda remhuka kana dzichidya ropa.
Zvipembenene zvine mapeya matatu emakumbo. Vanoshanda setsigiro uye hwaro hwekufamba. Kune mamwe makapu ekuyamwa pamakumbo anobvumira nhunzi kufamba nemadziro uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi. Kune vhudzi mumuviri wese anoita basa rekubata. Mapazi anoitawo basa rekubata nekunhuwa. Kutenda kwavari, nhunzi inogona kunzwisisa kuti ndechipi chikafu chiri pamberi payo.

Nhunzi dzinogara kupi?

Nzvimbo yavo yekugara yakakura. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kwavari ndeye tembiricha mamiriro, izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zviri pakati pe15 kusvika 45 degrees. Iwe unogona kuwana marudzi akasiyana-siyana pasi rose, uko kune mamiriro ekunze akanaka uye hunyoro hwakaderera.
Vanopa mapurazi, dzimba uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzinogara mhuka. Hazvigoneke kuwana zvipembenene munzvimbo dzine chando dzakadai seAntarctica nedzimwe. Imomo havagoni kuberekana kana kuti kufamba zvakanaka. Munguva yechando, zvipembenene zvinorara uye zvinomirira kutanga kwekudziya.
Nzvimbo yekugara yakakamurwawo zvichienderana nerudzi rwenhunzi pachadzo. Semuenzaniso, nhunzi dzakajairika dzinofarira kugara mudzimba dzevanhu, uko kune chikafu chakakura uye kudziya kwavari. Nyama, zvakaora, ndove uye mamwe marudzi anogara munzvimbo dzine mhuka dzakawanda uye tsvina yadzo, kwadzinogona kubereka nekudyisa.

Kuronga uye marudzi enhunzi, zvichienderana nekudya

Nhunzi yakaita sei? Nhunzi dzinosiyana pakudya kwadzo. Inogona kunge yakasiyana zvikuru. Zvinoenderana nerudzi rwenhunzi. Inogona kubva pakudya kwevanhu kusvika kune yakaora yemhuka nemarara emhuka.

Zvikamu zvinonyanya kufarirwa zvinosanganisira:

  • coprophages;
  • hematophagous;
  • necrophages;
  • nectarivores;
  • aphagi;
  • variegated mapapiro.
coprophages

Kwete zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshamisa mukusiyana kwayo. Kana zvichienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi, aya ndiwo anonyanya kufarirwa. Coprophages yakakamurwa kuva marudzi maviri: anosungirwa uye facultative.

Mhando yekutanga inogona kudya tsvina yemhuka neyemunhu. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanokwanisa kudya majusi akasiyana-siyana kubva mumiti. Yechipiri yakasiyana-siyana yakasiyana neyekutanga pakuti kunze kwemarara, ivo vanodyawo chikafu chevanhu.

Hematophagous

Pamarudzi ose, ndiwo ane ngozi zvikuru kuvanhu. Kuruma kwavo kunogona kukonzera kutsamwa, kutsvuka, uye zvakare kukonzera kurwara kwakakomba. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvirwere zvakaita sechigwadara, diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis nezvimwe zvirwere zvemudumbu. Izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwekuti vamiririri ava vanodya ropa remhuka dzakasiyana-siyana kana vanhu. Mushure mekunge chipembenene chanwa ropa remhuka inorwara, inongoerekana yava mutakuri wehosha ine ngozi. Zvisikwa zvakadaro hazvifaniri kurerutswa. Kana iwe ukarumwa nenhunzi, uye nzvimbo yekuruma ichirwadza sekunge yakaitwa nechimwe chipembenene chikuru, saka iwe unofanirwa kukurumidza kutsvaga rubatsiro kubva kune nyanzvi. Pamusoro pezvakanaka, vamiririri ava vanogara munyika shomanana, uyewo uko mamiriro okunze anopisa. Mhando dzakakurumbira ndeidzi: tsetse fly, dzimwe nhunzi dzematsutso.

Necrophages

Izvi zvinosanganisira nhunzi dzinodya nyama yemhuka yakafa. Kana mhuka yafa, nhunzi dzinouya dzichiidya. Vamwe vavo vanokwanisa kuisa mazai muchitunha, uye zvipembenene zvinodya pane zvisikwa mukati. Iyo inonyanya kufarirwa yakasiyana-siyana ndeye carrion flies. Chimiro chavo chemuromo chakasiyana zvishoma kubva pane zvakajairwa. Sezvo vachida kuruma kuburikidza neganda remhuka. Zvipembenene zvakadaro zvinokwanisa kutakura zvirwere zvinonyanya kutyisa zviripo.

Nectarophages

Nhunzi dzisingakuvadzi zvikuru kuvanhu. Vanodya nekita uye vanoisa mazai mumiti, uye nekuda kwekusiyana kwavo, vanogona kusvibisa mamwe maruva. Mamwe marudzi anogona kudya madonhwe emhuka sechikafu, pamwe chete nemito yakasiyana-siyana inovaka muviri. Vanosiyana nehama dzavo pakukura nekurema. Idzo dzakadiki zvakapetwa kaviri pane nhunzi dzakaora.

Afagi

Iyi imhando isina kujairika. Dzinongoda chikafu kana dzave padanho remakonye. Vakapiwa zita iri chaizvo nekuda kwekudya kwegonye. Mushure mokunge munhu mukuru aita mazai, mapere anotanga kutungamirira mararamiro eparasitic. Dzinodya tsvina yakasiyana-siyana yevanhu neyemhuka kana tsvina. Panguva imwecheteyo, muchidimbu, akafanana nemaparasites. Mhando iyi inogona kuva nengozi kuvanhu.

Piedwings

Iyo koloni inosanganisira zviuru zvishanu zvemarudzi. Neimwe nzira, variegated nhunzi dzinonzi nhunzi dzemichero dzechokwadi. Vakagamuchira iri zita remadunhurirwa kwete nekuda kwekudya kwavo chete, asiwo nekugona kwavo kubereka mumamiriro akasiyana. Vanokwanisa kusiya vana mumakwati emiti yakafa, uyewo munzvimbo yevhu. Vanonzi variegated mapapiro nekuda kwemavara avo akanaka emuviri. Iyo yakazara nemavara akasiyana. Rudzi urwu rwakafanana nenyuchi dzakasiyana-siyana nenyuchi. Idzo dzinenge dziri omnivores, asi dzinofarira kudya zvidyarwa kana tupukanana tudiki. Havana kufarirwa zvakanyanya; vanogara munzvimbo dzakawanda chete, asi huwandu hwevanhu hwakaderera.

Mhando dzakakurumbira dzenhunzi

Nhunzi chimwe chezvipembenene zvinowanzoitika pasi rino. Kune anopfuura makumi ezviuru emarudzi, mhando, subtypes, zvichingodaro. Haasi munhu wose anogona kuzvirumbidza nemigumisiro yakadaro.

Iyo inonyanya kufarirwa dzakasiyana pakati pezvese zviripo ndeye inozivikanwa imbanzi kana nhunzi. Anenge munhu wose anogara munzvimbo yakakodzera nhunzi anozviziva.

Mamwe marudzi ane mukurumbira anosanganisira nhunzi dzinotevera:

Nhunzi yemba kana nhunzi
Anogara achibhururuka achitenderedza mufurati, uye kwete imwe chete, asi akati wandei kamwechete. Iwe unogona kusangana nayo mune chero kona yenyika umo mamiriro ekunze anogona kukwira pamusoro pe15 degrees. Nhunzi yemba ine saizi yakajairwa, ingangoita mamirimita gumi. Nhunzi yemba i polyphage. Izvi zvinoreva kuti anokwanisa kudya chero chikafu chinozvipa.  
Syrphid kana hoverfly
Vamiriri verudzi urwu vanogona kunge vakafanana nenyuchi dzakajairika kana nyuchi. Iwo akafanana muruvara rwemuviri ane mitsetse yero uye nhema. Vanogona kuwanikwa kazhinji mumagwenga uye tundras. Havagoni kushivirira chando chakanyanya. Nokudaro, havagoni kuwanikwa mumakondinendi ane tembiricha yakaderera. Ava vamiririri vanodya zviduku zviduku kana zvinhu zvemiti.
Carrion (green) inobhururuka
Mhando iyi inogona kuwanikwa kwese kwese, kunze kwenzvimbo dzine tembiricha yakaderera. Dzinodya mhuka dzakafa. Nhunzi idzi dzinogona kuparadzira njodzi kuvanhu nenzira yezvirwere. Nhunzi dzine rima rakasvibira pedyo negirinhi, asi pane bhuruu negrey. Kazhinji kazhinji vanogara munzvimbo dzinourairwa zvipfuyo kana kumapurazi uko kune mirwi yakawanda yendove.
Ilnitsa mudyi wenyuchi
Nhunzi inhengo yehoverflies. Vanoda kukopa zvachose chimiro uye chimiro chenyuchi. Vanoita mabasa akafanana.
Ktyr
Ktyr ndeimwe yemhando huru dzenhunzi. Vanokwanisa kuvhima hama dzavo, pamwe chete nezvipembenene zvikuru. Vanogara kunyanya munyika dzinopisa. Dzinosiyana nenhunzi dzakajairika pakurebesa kwemuviri wadzo, pamwe nehukuru uye ruvara. Saizi yavo inogona kusvika mamirimita anopfuura 15, vamwe vanhu vanosvika 20 millimeters. Vamiririri ava ndeveropa.
Tsetse fly
Imwe mhando yenhunzi yetupukanana tunosveta ropa. Mushure mekurumwa kwayo, blister yakakura inogona kuumba, pamwe nekutsvuka kwakanyanya. Tsetse inoonekwa semumwe wevamiriri vane ngozi vemarudzi ayo. Vanowanzogara munyika dzinopisa zvikuru, uko kune zvokudya zvakawanda zvakakodzera.

Basa rema dipterans mune ecology: maitiro akasiyana enhunzi anobatsira

Nhunzi dzinokuvadza zvose uye zvinobatsira zvakaenzana. Makonye anodya tupukanana tunoshatisa ivhu uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvemuchadenga. Vanokonzera kukuvadza nokuti vatakuri vezvirwere zvine ngozi. Uyewo nhunzi dzinoshungurudza zvikuru uye kune dzakawanda dzadzo muzhizha. Vanopindira mumuviri uye nezvimwe zvinofarirwa nevanhu.

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