Iyo "CC" inobhururuka yakaita sei: mufananidzo uye tsananguro yekutyisidzira kwemapapiro kubva kuAfrica
Nzizi chipembenene chinoratidzika kuva chisingakuvadzi, asi pasina panikiro chinogona kuverengerwa pakati pavavengi vasingaparadzi vorudzi rwomunhu. Kuruma kwayo kunogona kuuraya munhu nyore, uye varimi vanotya kugadzira minda yekurima pedyo nekwaanogara.
Zviri mukati
Mabviro emhando uye tsananguro yetsetse fly
Tsetse inoonekwa seimwe yemhando dzekare dzezvipembenene. Nhunzi dzezvisaririra dzakawanikwa mumibhedha yefossil muColorado, yakaradzikwa makore angangoita mamirioni makumi matatu nemana apfuura. Tsetse zvinoreva "nhunzi" mumitauro yeTswana neBantu.
Chitarisiko uye maitiro ezvipembenene
Mhunzi yetsetse inogarepi?
Mazuva ano nhunzi dzetsetse dzinogara mukondinendi yeAfrica chete.
Chii chinonzi tsetse fly?
Chipembenene chinodya ropa chete. Vakaurayiwa vayo imhuka, zvipfuwo uye vanhu. Mukutsvaga chikafu, inobhururuka kure kure kana yakwezvwa nemhuka ine ropa rinodziya. Kazhinji kazhinji, mhuka huru dze artiodactyl - antelopes, buffaloes, pamwe netsuro, dzinotarisa madzvinyu, makarwe, uye shiri dzakasiyana-siyana.
Chipembenene chinokwanisa kunwa mvura yakaenzana nehuremu hwayo; mukuita kudya, dumbu rayo rinowedzera zvakanyanya.
Kubereka uye kutenderera kwehupenyu hwetsetse fly
Kusiyana nezvipembenene zvakawanda, nhunzi dzeAfrica hadzisi kukandira mazai, asi dzitakure mubhegi rinokosha. Zvipembenene zvinosangana kamwe chete, makonye anokurawo rimwe panguva. Pavanenge vari mudumbu, vanodya zvakabuda mugomba chairo.
Kuti intrauterine kukura kwegomba, mukadzi anoda kusvika ku3 kudya. Kunyange kushayikwa kuduku kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri kunotungamirira pakupfupfudzika. Gonye rinokura mumuviri waamai kwemavhiki 1-2, mushure mezvo rinozvarwa, uye hadzi inoramba ichibereka gonye panguva dzinenge 9-mazuva kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwayo. Munguva yehupenyu hwake, mukadzi anobereka vechidiki 8-10.
Mushure mokuberekwa, mushure memaawa mashomanana, mhute inopinda muvhu, iyo inobereka. Iyi nhanho yekukura inotora mavhiki 3-4.
Yakawanda yehupenyu hwetsetse inzvimbo yevakuru. Mukati memazuva 12-14, nhunzi duku inobhururuka, yobva yasangana uye, kana iri hadzi, inoisa gonye rayo rokutanga. Vanhu vakuru vanogara kwemwedzi inenge 6-7.
Mamiriro emagariro uye mararamiro etsetse fly
Mhando huru dzetsetse nhunzi
Rudzi rwezvipembenene rwakaiswa mumapoka matatu.
Chii chine ngozi tsetse fly
Tsetse inonzi imwe yezvipembenene zvine ngozi zvikuru pasi rose. Anotakura zvirwere zvinouraya nemavhairasi - nagan uye trypanosomiasis. Chinokonzera chirwere cheprotozoa, iyo inopinda mumuviri wenhunzi ichidya ropa remhuka ine utachiona.
Mudumbu renhunzi, tupukanana twakawanda, uye kana twarumwa, tinopfuudzwa kumunhu wacho pamwe chete nemate echipembenene chacho.
Chirwere cheNagan mumhuka
Mhuka dzinobatwa nechirwere ichi, kazhinji mombe, mabhiza nenguruve zvinobatwa. Unogona kudzivirira purazi kana ukabaya mhuka kudzivirira trypanosomiasis, asi haasi mupfuri wese wemombe ane mukana wekubaya mazana akati wandei. Kuti udzivise kurwiswa kwetsetse pazvipfuwo, zvinokurudzirwa kufudza usiku.
Zviratidzo zvehutachiona ndezvi:
- kuwedzera kwenhamba yekubvisa pamuviri;
- kuneta kwese, kuderera kwekuita;
- kuzvimba mudova, makumbo nemakumbo;
- kubuda kwemvura kubva mumaziso nemhino;
- fivha
- kuderera kwehutano uye huwandu hwemukaka nenyama.
Gore roga roga, mhuka dzinosvika mamiriyoni matatu dzinofa nepfuti.
Chirwere chekurara
Iyo causative agent yehosha yekurara ndeye trypasonoma - inoshungurudza, ine-sero-sero chipenyu, 20-30 microns muhukuru. Chirwere chekurara chinogona kubatwa chete nekurumwa netumbuyu.
Chirwere ichi chinonyanya kukanganisa tsinga dzevanhu uye immune system.
Mushure mekurumwa, kuzvimba kunozivikanwa nehupamhi hwe 1-2 cm inoumba panzvimbo yeronda, uye kurwadziwa kunonzwa kana uchitsikirira pairi. Kwapera chinguva, chancres inoumbwa pamaoko nemakumbo omunhu, ayo kunze akafanana nemamota. Mushure memavhiki mashoma, vanopora uye mavanga anoumba panzvimbo yavo.
Zvimwe zviratidzo zvechirwere chekurara:
- kurwadziwa mumasumbu nemajoini;
- fivha uye fivha;
- kushaya hope, kuvhiringidzika;
- chiveve chemaoko nemakumbo, kurasikirwa kwekubatana.
Mhando dzezvirwere zvekurara
Kune mhando mbiri dzetrypanosomiasis: African neLatin America. Zvakare, Africa yakakamurwa kuita 2 mhando.
| Rudzi rwechirwere | Zviratidzo zveunhu |
|---|---|
| West Africa (Gambian) chirwere chekurara | Vector yayo inonzi Glossina palpalis. Chirwere ichi chinoratidzwa nekosi yakareba, inoitika mu2 nguva. Yekutanga inoratidzirwa neyakavharika kosi, isina acute zviratidzo. Kazhinji kazhinji, munhu anonzwa musoro, fivha duku, uye mapundu maduku anooneka paganda. Nzira yakanonoka inotungamirira kukuti chirwere chinova chisingaperi, umo zviratidzo zvinoratidzika zvakanyanya, hurongwa hwemagetsi hunotanga kuparara. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mukutaura kubvunda kwemakumbo, mumatambudziko akaoma, kuoma mitezo kunoitika, murwere haakwanisi kurwisana nehope, uye kukanganisa kwepfungwa kunoitika. Nguva yechikamu ichi chechirwere ndeye 7-8 mwedzi. |
| Kumabvazuva (Rheodesian) fomu | Iyo inoratidzirwa nekukurumidza kosi uye acute zviratidzo. Sezvo mutemo, rufu runoitika mushure memwedzi mitanhatu. Iyo causative agent inokanganisa mwoyo wemunhu uye uropi. Mutakuri wechirwere ichi ndiGlossina morsitan. |
Kurapa chirwere chekurara
Chirwere chacho chinobudirira kurapwa chete padanho rekutangaapo hurongwa hwetsinga husina kukanganiswa. Kuti uite izvi, shandisa mishonga yakakosha, chiito chayo chinotarirwa nekuparadzwa kwepathogen - pentamidine uye suramin. Kurapa kwechirwere padanho rechipiri zvakaoma, nokuda kweizvi vanoshandisa zvinodhaka zvine simba zvinoratidzira zvinorehwa nemigumisiro - kuwedzera kweropa, arrhythmia, kuda kurutsa uye kurutsa.
Kuoma kwekurapa kunokonzerwa nekukwanisa kweparasite-pathogen kugara ichichinja uye kukudziridza kupikisa kune zvikamu zvinoshanda zvemishonga.
Tsetse fly control nzira
Kwemakore, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakashandiswa kudzora nhunzi yetsetse.
| Nyika yakatsva | Kuti vaparadze chipembenene chacho, vakaparadza zvipfuwo zvose, ropa raakadyisa. Pakutanga, nzira iyi yakaratidza kushanda kwepamusoro, asi gare gare zvakazoitika kuti chiitiko chacho chakanga chisingabatsiri: tsetse yakadyiswa neropa remhuka duku, zvinokambaira uye shiri. |
| Kutemwa kwemasango | Iyo nzira yakafanana neyekare: vanhu vakaedza kunyima chipembenene chenguva dzose yekugara mune tariro yekuti huwandu hwevanhu huchatanga kufa. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva zvakava pachena kuti nzira yacho yaikuvadza kupfuura kunaka. |
| Kushandiswa kwemakemikari. | Mishonga yezvipembenene neyezvipembenene zvakapfapfaidzwa pamusoro penzvimbo dzinogara tsetse nerubatsiro rwendege. Mabasa aya haana kuunza mhedzisiro yaitarisirwa. |
| Misungo | Pakugadzirwa kwemisungo, ganda rakasviba remombe kana jira rakazara nekunhuhwirira kwemhuka rinoshandiswa - weti kana yakasikwa yakagadzirwa, kutevedzera kufema. Iyo nzira inobatsira kuderedza huwandu hwetsetse, asi nenzira iyi haugone kutsakatisa munhu wese. Mabheti akadaro anogona kushandiswa kuchengetedza huwandu hwevanhu nemhuka, zvinokurudzirwa kuti uzviise zvakapoteredza misha neminda. |
| Sterilization yevarume | Varume vanoitwa sterilized nemwaranzi uye vozoregedzerwa munzvimbo yechisikigo. Mushure mekusangana, madzimai haakwanisi kukandira mazai akabatanidzwa, zvichiita kuti vanhu vadzikire. Iyo nzira yakaratidza kunyanya kushanda zvakanaka muZanzibar. Zvisinei, kusavapo kwechivharo chemvura nedzimwe nyika kwakatungamirira kukuti varume vane utano hwakanaka vakawira munharaunda uye nhunzi dzakabereka zvakare. Parizvino, nzira iyi inoonekwa seyakanyanya kushanda, asi chete munzvimbo idzodzo dzakapoteredzwa nemvura. |
Masayendisiti anotenda kuti kushandiswa kwakaoma kwemaitiro matatu ekupedzisira kuchabatsira kuparadza huwandu hwezvipembenene, asi izvi zvinoda nguva yakawanda.
Vavengi vezvakasikwa vetsetse vanobhururuka mumasikirwo
Muzvisikwa, Tsetse haina vavengi venyama. Mamwe marudzi eshiri angashandisa zvokudya zvawo, asi kwete nekusingaperi, asi pane kusavapo kwezvimwe zvokudya. Muvengi mukuru wenhunzi munhu anotsvaga kuiparadza nezvikonzero zviri pachena.
Huwandu hwevanhu uye chimiro cheTsetse fly
Nzvimbo yekugara kweparasite inosvika mamirioni gumi km10. Iri ndiro rinonzi gwenga rakasvibira. Kazhinji, iyi ndima ine ivhu rakaorera risingagoni kushandiswa nekuda kwekuvapo kwenhunzi dzetsetse pavari.
Mazhinji ematunhu anogara tsetse ari pasi pehurombo, uye mararamiro munyika idzi anoonekwa seakaderera pasi rose. Kwemakumi emakore anoverengeka, chirongwa chakabatana chave chichigadzira nzira dzekudzora zvipembenene, asi nzira dzese dzakagadziridzwa dzinongoshanda zvishoma.
Chokwadi chinofadza nezve tsetse fly nekuruma kwayo
Tsetse chipembenene chinotyisa icho vanhu vasingagoni kubvisa kwemazana emakore akawanda, uye kunyange zviitiko zvemazuva ano hazvigoni kubatsira mukugadzirisa nyaya iyi. Pane zvakati wandei zvinofadza zvine chekuita netumbuyu uye kurumwa kwayo izvo zvinobatsira kuziva:
- Vamwe vanhu vanodavira kuti chipembenene hachifaniri kuparadzwa. Somuenzaniso, murevereri wemhuka dzomusango, Bernhard Grzimek, anodavira kuti nhunzi yetsetse inodzivirira chisiko chisina kubatwa pakuvhozhokera kwebudiriro.
- Nhunzi hadzimborwisa mbizi, sezvo ruvara rwadzo rutema neruchena ruchiita kuti maziso adzo apenye, asi dzinowanzorwisa injini yemotokari, dzichifunga kuti imhuka ine ropa rinodziya.
- Vanhu vanosvika zviuru makumi matatu vanofa gore rega rega muAfrica nekuda kweTsetse.
- Chipembenene chinobhururuka chinyararire, ndosaka chakatumidzwa zita rekuti "silent kutyisidzira".