Kuti svosve rinotaridzika sei: chimiro chinoita kuti zvipembenene zvirambe zviripo

Iye munyori wechinyorwa

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6 min. yekuverenga

Zvipembenene zvinoumba chikamu chikuru chezvipenyu zvose zviri panyika. Vakakwanisa kukunda pamusoro uye kudzika kwepasi, pasi pemvura pasi pemvura, uye kunyange airspace. Dzimwe mhuri dzezvipembenene dzafambira mberi zvikuru zvokuti mararamire adzo akafanana zvikuru neavanhu. Panyaya iyi, chimwe chezvisikwa zvakanyanyisa masvosve.

Zviri mukati

Ndivanaani masvosve
- Majuru akaita sei
- Masvosve body structure
Mararamiro esvosve
Masvosve Habitat
Kukosha kwemajuru muzvarirwo
Mhando dzinonakidza dzemajuru
mhedziso

Ndivanaani masvosve

Masvosve ndeimwe yemhuri dzakawanda dzezvipembenene. Ivo chikamu cheiyo Hymenoptera uye ihama dzenyuchi, wasps uye bumblebees. Masvosve anoonekwawo seimwe yezvipembenene zvakajairika munyika uye kunyangwe mwana haazonetsi kuaziva.

Masvosve: vabatsiri uye tupukanana.

Majuru akaita sei

Iyo yakawanda "mhuri yemasvosve" inosanganisira zvinopfuura zviuru gumi nezvina zvemarudzi akasiyana. Dzimwe nguva kutaridzika kwevamiriri vemamwe marudzi kunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mamwe. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze umo zvipembenene zvinogara, uye nemararamiro avo.

Ant.

Hurefu hwemuviri wemajuru hunogona kusiyana kubva pa1 kusvika pa50 mm. Chikamu chikuru chenharaunda dzemasvosve chinoumbwa nevanhu vanoshanda, avo urefu hwemuviri wavo kazhinji hunobva pa1 kusvika ku30 mm. Vakadzi vakakura pabonde vanogona kudada nehukuru hukuru. Muviri wavo unogona kusvika kureba 3,5 kusvika 5 cm.

Muvara wemuviri wemarudzi akasiyana-siyana unogona kusiyana zvikuru. Kazhinji, munhu anosangana nemasvosve emavara matema kana mashava, asi mamwe marudzi anogona kuzvirumbidza nerumwe ruvara:

beige;
tsvuku tsvuku;

yellow-orange;
green green.

Masvosve body structure

Masvosve chimiro.

Muviri wesvosve wakafanana pakuumbwa nemiviri yeimwe Hymenoptera, asi ine hunhu hwayo. Madhipatimendi makuru ari mumuviri wesvosve ndeaya:

musoro;
chifuva;
abdomen;
mitezo;
nhengo dzomukati.

Musoro

Musoro wesvosve kazhinji kacho une chiumbwa chetriangular. Muchikamu chepamusoro kune peya yeantennae, iyo ine chimiro chakasiyana munyika yezvipembenene. Nerubatsiro rwemasvosve, majuru anogona kuziva kunhuwa, kuravira, kudengenyeka kwakasiyana-siyana, uye kunyange kuona kuumbwa kwechikafu uye zvinwiwa. Uyewo, nerubatsiro rwavo, zvipembenene zvinogona kutaurirana, nekuda kwegadziriro yakakosha yezviratidzo. Mumativi emusoro, masvosve ane maziso maviri akasanganiswa, ayo kazhinji haakwanisi kuendesa mufananidzo wakajeka kuuropi hwechipembenene. Pamusoro pezvo, kune maziso matatu ari nyore mumusoro anovabatsira kufamba munzvimbo. Mune mamwe marudzi anogara pasi pevhu, maziso akanyanya kusimba, uye dzimwe nguva akaderedzwa zvachose. Shaya dzemajuru mazhinji dzine simba guru. Vanonyatsokodzera kutakura uye kukuya zvokudya, kudzivirira kubva kuvavengi, uye zvakare kubata mhuka pavanenge vachivhima.

Chest

Nzvimbo yechipfuva yesvosve ine anterior, meso, uye metanotum. Imwe miviri yemakumbo inosungirirwa kune imwe neimwe yezvikamu zvitatu zvechipfuva. Muchikadzi nevarume vakagadzirira kusangana, mapapiro anogonawo kuiswa pachipfuva.

Dumbu

Mhando dzese dzemasvosve dzinosanganisirwa muchikamu chetwupukanana tunonyangira. Chinhu chakasiyana cheboka iri kuvapo kwegunde - chiuno chakaonda, pamuganhu pakati pechipfuva nedumbu. Ndiro dzinde rinova chikamu chakamanikana chemuviri wemajuru. Mune mamwe marudzi, rumborera runogona kuwanikwa panoperera dumbu, ruchibatsirwa nemajuru anobaya chepfu mumitumbi yevavengi vavo kana vanyajambwa. Muchetura wechepfu wakadaro kazhinji hauna kukwira uye unosvika padanho rakafanana nerwemavu kana huturu hwenyuchi.

Matumba

Masvosve ane mapeya matatu emakumbo marefu, matete, rimwe nerimwe rakabatanidzwa kune chikamu chakasiyana chechipfuva. Makumbo ezvipembenene izvi zvakanyatsogadzirwa. Pamapadza pane mapedhi akakosha anobatsira masvosve kuti arambe ari panzvimbo yakatwasuka. Makumbo maviri emberi esvosve anokodzera kutariswa zvakanyanya. Mitezo iyi inofamba zvikuru uye yakasimba. Nekubatsira kwavo, chipembenene chinogona kutakura mitoro inorema uye kuita mabasa akawanda akasiyana.

Nhengo dzomukati

Chimiro chemukati chesvosve hachina kunyanya kusiyanisa kubva kune zvimwe zvipembenene. The circulatory system ine hemolymph inofamba zvakasununguka kutenderedza muviri uye tubular organ inoshanda semoyo. Nhengo dzekufema dzinosanganisira tracheae uye spiracles, iyo inowanikwa mudumbu uye thoracic nharaunda, uye sezvo masvosve asina mapapu, anotora mweya kuburikidza nemapores madiki akawanda pamuviri. Chimiro chetsinga dzesvosve chiri nyore uye chine tsinga dzinowanikwa mumuviri wese. Iyo supraesophageal ganglion ndiyo yakakura node inogona kutorwa sehuropi hwechipembenene. Nekuda kwekuti masvosve mazhinji anogara munzvimbo dzakakura dzine hutongi hwakaoma kunzwisisa, dhipatimendi iri rakagadziridzwa zviri nani mariri kupfuura mumajuru mamwe chete.

Mararamiro esvosve

Ruzhinji rwemajuru zvipembenene zvinogara mumapoka makuru mumatendere akafanana. Huwandu hwechisvosve chimwe hunogona kubva pamazana akati kuti kusvika kumamiriyoni evanhu. Mukati memhuri yemasvosve akadaro mune kurongeka kwakasimba uye kurongeka.

Mumwe nomumwe anogara mujuru ane mamwe mabasa uye mabasa aanoita nokungwarira. Chero boka rezvipembenene kazhinji rine vanhu vakadaro.

The Queen	Ndiye mambokadzi, ndiye chibereko - mukadzi akakura mune zvepabonde, ane basa rekubereka. Anopedza anenge upenyu hwake hwose ari mudendere, achizadza mhuri yemasvosve nemitezo mitsva. Chibereko chakakura kudarika mamwe masvosve uye avhareji yeupenyu hunobva pamakore gumi kusvika pamakumi maviri.
Vashandi	Ndivo ruzhinji rwechijuru. Kazhinji, ava vakadzi vasingakwanisi kubereka, avo vane mabasa anosanganisira kuchengetedza hupenyu hwekoloni yose. Vanotarisira mazai, mhute, pupa uye mambokadzi, vanogadzira zvokudya kune vose vanogara mudendere, vanobvisa tsvina kubva muimba yekugara, kuvaka nekugadzirisa chisvosve, "kufudza" hove uye kunyange kukura howa.
Varwi	Muchokwadi, aya zvakare masvosve evashandi, asi nemusiyano mumwe - musoro wakawedzera uye mandibles. Mitezo yakadaro haisi mumhuri imwe neimwe, asi inobata mukuchengetedza dendere kubva kuvavengi uye kuvhima zvimwe zvipembenene. Kana paine njodzi, masoja anodzivirira masvosve kunyangwe nemutengo wehupenyu hwavo.

Masvosve Habitat

Masvosve anogona kuwanikwa munenge mumakona ese epasi, kunze kweiyo permafrost zone. Mamiriro avo enguva dzose ane hunyoro, masango anopisa, asi "vakomana" ava vakakwanisa kujairana nehupenyu mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Kusvika iye zvino, kusiyana kukuru kwezvipenyu kwakaiswa mune zvakadaro matunhu enyika:

Central America;
South America;
Africa;
Asia.

Muna 2013, mumwe wevamiririri vemhuri yemasvosve akawanikwa kunyange munharaunda yeGreenland. Yakava mukono werudzi rwemasvosve aFarao, ayo anozivikanwa pasi rose sezvipembenene zvemumba.

Masvosve ari pose pose.

Kukosha kwemajuru muzvarirwo

Mamwe marudzi emajuru akajairana nehupenyu pedyo nevanhu uye akagamuchira zita re "zvipembenene", asi ivo vanoumba chikamu chidiki chemhuri hombe. Zvizhinji zvezvipembenene izvi zvinogara musango hazvinyanyi kusvika kuvanhu. Masvosve anonyanya kugara mumasango ane miti mitema uye anonaya mvura yakawanda, kwaanoonekwa nhengo dzakakosha dzeecosystem uye kuita mabasa akawanda anobatsira:

kusunungura ivhu uye kugadzirisa acidity yayo;
mhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka dzinoronga nhamba yezvimwe zvipembenene nokudzidya;
kudya mhuka nezvinosara zvinosara, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kuora kwavo.

https://youtu.be/aEFn-o2ZMpQ

Mhando dzinonakidza dzemajuru

Mhuri yemasvosve inosanganisira marudzi mazhinji akasiyana, asi mamwe acho anofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya.

mujuru webindu

"muvakidzani" anozivikanwa zvikuru wevanhu. Vanoshongedza matendere avo mumagadheni, mapindu ekicheni uye muzvivanze zvedzimba dzevanhu. Iwo masvosve emubindu anowanzo konzera kukuvadza kwakakomba kune zvirimwa mumibhedha uye kubereka hove.

mujuru waFarao

Inonziwo brownie kana ship svosve. Inofarira kugara mukati mezvivakwa zvekugara uye inoonekwa se synanthropic organism.

Tsvuku dzvuku remoto

Mugari mudiki uye ane njodzi muSouth America. Iine huturu hwehuturu hunogona kuuraya vanhu vane tsika yekusawirirana.

Dinoporera hofori

Imwe yemhando huru yemasvosve, inogarawo muSouth America. Ikoko hakuna madzimambo mumakoloni avo, uye mazai anoiswa nevashandi vevakadziwo zvavo, vanogona kusvika kureba 3,3 cm.

Asian tailor svosve

Inowanikwa muAustralia uye Southeast Asia. Inogara zvakanyanya pamiti uye inosiyaniswa neruvara rwakasvibira rwakajeka.

Ropa Dzvuku Ant

Anonziwo masvosve evaranda. Inogara panharaunda yePalearctic uye inozivikanwa nemararamiro ayo eparasitic. Masvosve anobva kune subgenus Serviformica anoita se "varanda" vayo.

mhedziso

Masvosve zvisikwa zvinoshamisa izvo zvave zvichirarama pasi pano kweanopfuura 100 miriyoni emakore, uye nguva yese iyi vakashanduka vakasindimara, vachichinja mararamiro avo uye chitarisiko. Kuedza kwavo hakuna pasina uye panguva ino, majuru anoonekwa seakanyanya kusimukira pasi rose.

AntsKurwa kwakaoma nemajuru mubindu: nzira yekuikunda

Zvadaro

AntsChii masvosve: marudzi akasiyana-siyana haamboregi kushamisa