Hupenyu kutenderera kwechikwekwe: kuti sango "bloodsucker" rinobereka sei mune zvakasikwa
Parizvino, kune kupararira kwezvikwekwe kupfuura huwandu hwekugara kwavo kwechisikigo. Makumi mashomanana apfuura, chirwere ichi chaigona kungosangana musango, iye zvino vari kuwedzera kurwisa vanhu nemhuka mumapaki emaguta uye mudzimba dzezhizha. Chimwe chezvikonzero zveizvi inyaya yekuti kubereka kwekwekwe idanho rinokurumidza.
Zviri mukati
Zvikwekwe zvinoberekana sei
Kuberekesa kunoenderana nekwavanogara uye huwandu hwezvinovaka muviri zviripo. Kazhinji kacho, kusangana kunoitika mukutanga kwechirimo, nekuti zvipembenene izvi zvinosarudza nzvimbo iripo. Mushure meizvi, mukadzi anotanga kushingairira kutsvaga muchengeti mutsva, sezvo panguva ino anoda kudya zvakawanda zvinovaka muviri.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pechikwekwe chemukadzi nechirume
Kuberekana kwezvikwekwe kunotanga padanho rekupedzisira rehupenyu hwavo, vasati vashanduka kuita vanhu vakuru. Kunze, varume nevakadzi vakanyanya kufanana kune mumwe nemumwe, asi mukadzi anogona kusiyaniswa nehukuru: yakakura zvishoma kupfuura murume.
Chimiro chenhengo dzesikarudzi dzevanhu vakasiyana
Zvikwekwe hazvina hunhu hwepabonde hwekunze. Sitimu yekubereka yemukadzi ine nhengo dzinotevera:
- vagina;
- seminal receptacle uye glands;
- oviducts;
- isina kuviriswa ovary;
- chibereko.
Nhengo dzepabonde dzemurume:
- spermatophore (ine spermatozoa);
- ejaculatory canal (inogara iri mukati, yakabviswa panguva yekubatana);
- paired testes;
- zvitoro zvembeu;
- seminal vesicle;
- zvishongedzo zvekuwedzera.
Zvikwekwe zvinokandira mazai zvishoma nezvishoma, panguva iyo hadzi inogona kukandira zai rimwe chete. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukura kwenhengo dzayo dzomukati.
Kubereka zvinhu
Madzimai anorarama zvishoma kudarika varume, vanofa mushure mekukandira mazai. Mushure mekusangana, mukadzi anofanira kunwa ropa rakakwana: anoda huwandu huri 3-5 nguva yekukura kwemuviri wake. Mushure mekuguta, mukadzi anotsvaga nzvimbo yakakodzera, anobata ropa uye oita kuradzika. Basa remurume nderekufambiswa kwemajini. Mushure mekusangana, chikwekwe chechirume chinofa.
Mhuka dzinoberekerwa mhute
Zvipembenene zvemusango zvinogona kuberekesa mhuka chero ipi zvayo, zvisinei nekukura kwayo. Kazhinji kacho, avo vanobatwa nembeva-kunge makonzo: voles, mbeva dzesango, zvichingodaro. Dzimwe nguva zvikwekwe zvinosarudza mauto makuru: nguruve dzesango, elks. Shiri dzinogara pasi zvakare inzvimbo inofarirwa nemaparasite.
Kutenderera kwehupenyu
Kune akatiwandei ezvikwekwe: anosiyana murudzi rwemaitiro, madyiro, uye ane misiyano yekunze. Nekudaro, vese vanopinda mumatanho mamwechete ebudiriro uye vane hunhu hwese hwekushandurwa kwevadiki kuva vakuru.
mwaka wekusangana
Zvipembenene zvinogona kubereka chete mushure mekuzara kwakazara, saka, panguva yekubatana, basa guru rinoitwa kwete nekuvapo kwemudiwa, asi nekukwanisa kuwana chikafu. Maparasite anotanga kuwanda nesimba nekutanga kwechirimo, ndosaka chiitiko chepamusoro chekikiti chichicherechedzwa panguva ino - ivo vanogara vachida kuzadza kudiwa kwavo kwekudya uye simba.
masonry
Mushure mekuzara nekusangana, zvikwekwe zvechikadzi zvinotanga kukandira mazai.
Tarisa kukura kwe embryo
Mushure mekufa kwemunhukadzi, "embryo" inotanga kukura muzai rega rega. Iyi nzira inogona kutora nguva yakasiyana: kubva kumavhiki akawanda kusvika kumwedzi yakawanda. Nzira yekuumbwa kwe embryo inokonzerwa nekunze kwezvinhu: avhareji yekushisa kwemazuva ose, masikati maawa, humidity.
Kana kukandira kwakaitika mukupera kwematsutso, mazai anogona kupfuura munguva yechando, uye embryo inoenderera mberi nekukura kwayo nekutanga kwechirimo.
Kukura kweburwa
Mumazuva mashomanana ekutanga ehupenyu, zvipembenene zvipembenene zviri pamarara uye hazvisi kushanda.
| Danho rekutanga rebudiriro | Pakutanga kweiyi nhanho yekuvandudza, goko rekudzivirira rinozopedzisira raumbwa mavari, munhu anokura uye haasati ane ngozi kuvanhu nemhuka. |
| Kukura kwemakumbo | Kunyangwe kana gonye rikawira pane angangoita muenzi, harinamatire. Chimiro chevanhu panguva ino yekukura ndiko kuvapo kwemakumbo matatu emakumbo, asi vanhu vakuru vane 3 pairs. |
| Tanga kudya | Mushure mekunge mhute yawana simba uye yasvika kune imwe nhanho yekusimudzira, inoenda kunotsvaga chikafu. Kazhinji, mapere anopinda munzvimbo dzinogara makonzo neshiri. |
| Linka | Mushure mekunge gonye raguta, nhanho inotevera inotanga muhupenyu hwayo - kunyungudika. Munguva iyi, ganda rekudzivirira rinonyangarika uye chitinous shell inoumba, uye yechina yemakumbo inoonekawo. |
Kubudirira kwenymph
Iyo nymph inosiyana kubva kune mukuru chete kana pasina nzira yekubereka - panguva iyi ichangotanga kukura kwayo. Zvakare padanho rino, kuvandudzwa kwecuticle nyowani, mitezo uye kuwedzera uremu. Nguva yacho inotora zuva chete, panguva ino chikwekwe chinodawo kushingaira kudya.
Mushure mokunge zvipembenene zvaguta, nhanho ye molt inotevera inotanga. Kana iyo nguva yakawira mumwaka unotonhora, chikwekwe chinogona hibernate uye kuenderera mberi nekukura kwayo muchirimo. Mushure meizvi, chikwekwe chinoshanduka kuva munhu mukuru - imago.
Nguva dzakatsanangurwa dzekukura dzakajairwa kune ixodid uye argas zvikwekwe, zvimwe zvese zvinopinda mumatanho maviri: embryo - nymph kana embryo - gonye.
Upenyu uye nhamba yemazai
Nguva yehupenyu hwezvipembenene zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze mavari kurarama, pamwe chete nemarudzi avo. Semuenzaniso, zvikwekwe zveixodid zvinogona kurarama makore 2-4, ukuwo mite isingaoneki inorarama mwedzi mishoma chete.
Munguva yehupenyu hwehupenyu, mukadzi anogona kukandira kubva ku100 kusvika ku20 zviuru mazai.
Tiki maitiro ekudyisa
Mateki anowanzo kupatsanurwa zvichienderana nerudzi rwechikafu kuita imwechete uye yakawanda-host. Kudya kwechikwekwe kunotarirwa nemhando dzayo, uye pakusarudza kwayo, haigoni kuzvigadzirisa pachayo uye kusarudza imwe chirongwa.
single host
Vanhu vakadai vanosarudza kugara pamutumbi wemuridzi mumwe. Zvipembenene izvi zvinogara zvachose pamuviri wechisikwa chine ropa rinodziya, uko zvinosangana uye kukandira mazai. Mhando idzi dzinosanganisira scabies uye subcutaneous mites. Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, kana chipembenene chikaita nzara huru uye chisingakwanisi kuwana munhu akakodzera mubhayoroji, chinogona kuenda kunotsvaka mumwe muenzi.
multi-host
Boka iri rinosanganisira tupukanana tunosarudza chero zvisikwa zvine ropa rinodziya semhuka. Mumatanho ekutanga ekukura, maparasite anowanzo sarudza makonzo madiki, uye gare gare anotsvaga hombe. Zvakare, zvikwekwe zvinodaidzwa kuti multi-host, izvo zvisingatarisi kunobva chikafu, asi kurwisa chero mhuka iri munzvimbo inosvikirwa nayo.
Ko gonye rechikwekwe rinogona kutapurirana here kana risina kumboruma munhu pamberi pemunhu?
Zvikwekwe zvipembenene zvinorarama uye zvine njodzi. Njodzi huru inomiririrwa nevanhu vasvika padanho revakuru, vechidiki havanyanyi kushanda uye havawanzo kurwisa vanhu, asi pachine njodzi yehutachiona kubva kwavari.
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