Iyo yakanyanya kumhanya yenhunzi mukubhururuka: zvinoshamisa zvimiro zvevatyairi vemapapiro maviri

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Nhunzi dzinozivikanwa netwupukanana twese tunobhururuka, tunosvota. Mumwaka unodziya, vanotsamwisa munhu zvikuru: vanoruma, musavarega vachirara uye vaparadze chikafu. Zvipembenene hazvifadzi kuvanhu, uye masayendisiti anofarira zvikuru, kunyanya, kutarisisa kunobhadharwa kumibvunzo pamusoro pekuti nhunzi dzinobhururuka sei. Kubva pakuona kweaerodynamics, kubhururuka kweiyi Diptera chinhu chakasiyana.

Makadii nemapapiro enhunzi

Mapapiro emhuka dzine vertebrate akaiswa mukufamba nerubatsiro rwemhasuru dzawo, asi hapana tsandanyama mumapapiro eiyo arthropod. Vanofamba nekuda kwekubatana kwemhasuru dzechipfuva, iyo yavanobatana nayo vachishandisa mudziyo unokosha.
Panguva imwecheteyo, mapapiro pachawo akarongwa zvakasiyana neaya eshiri uye zviremwaremwa. Izvo zvinosanganisira rusvingo rwepamusoro uye rwezasi, rimwe nerimwe rinoumbwa nehupamhi hwe hypodermis, uye rakafukidzwa pamusoro ne cuticle. Pakati pemadziro pane nzvimbo yakamanikana yakazara nehemolymph.
Bapiro rinewo hurongwa hwechitinous tubes-veins. Kushaikwa kwemapapiro maviri echipiri kunoita kuti nhunzi dzifambe kakawanda uye dzifambe padzinenge dzichibhururuka. Mapapiro maviri ekumashure anoderedzwa kuita nhengo dzekunze dzekunze dzinonzi haltere.
Nhengo idzi dzinoita basa rakakosha panguva yekusimuka - nekuda kwekudedera kwadzo, kunoitika pane imwe nguva, chipembenene chinokwanisa kusawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kuwanda kwemapapiro, asi nekukasira kuvhura kumhanya kwakakwira, kunobvumira kuti ibve kubva. pamusoro pechipiri.
Zvakare, ma haltere anodzikiswa nema receptors anoita seanodzikamisa - anofamba pamwero wakafanana nemapapiro. Ruzha rwunonzwika panguva yekubhururuka kwenhunzi (iyo "buzz" yakafanana imhedzisiro yekudengenyeka kwenhengo idzi, uye kwete kuputika kwemapapiro.
Mitsipa inobhururuka yechipembenene yakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: simba uye kutungamira (kutungamirira). Yekutanga yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya uye inoonekwa seimwe ine simba kwazvo muumambo hwemhuka. Asi ivo havachinjike, saka hazvibviri kufambisa nerubatsiro rwavo. Mitsipa yekutungamirira inopa kunyatsoita kutiza - kune gumi nemaviri avo.

Zvimiro zvekubhururuka kwenhunzi

Chero ani zvake anogona kugutsikana nezvekutanga kweaerodynamics yekubhururuka - nokuda kweizvi zvakakwana kutarisa chipembenene. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti Diptera haaiti kudzora kutiza kwavo: ivo vanogona kutenderera mumhepo, vobva vangomhanyira mberi kana kuchinja nzira yavo, vachitendeuka mumhepo. Maitiro aya akafarira masayendisiti kubva kuCalifornia Research Institute. Kuti vadzidze mafambisirwo endege, nyanzvi dzakagadzira kuyedza pane Drosophila nhunzi. Chipembenene chacho chakaiswa mumhepo inokosha yekusimudzira ndege: mukati mayo, yakaputira mapapiro ayo, uye zvakatipoteredza zvakachinja, zvichiita kuti ichinje nzira yekubhururuka.
Mukati mekutsvakurudza, zvakaratidzwa kuti nhunzi hadzina imwe nzira - dzinobhururuka mumazigzags. Panguva imwecheteyo, kubhururuka hakuna mhirizhonga, kutungamira kwayo kunowanzo kutsanangurwa nezvido zvemukati zvechipembenene: nzara, hunhu hwekubereka, pfungwa yenjodzi - kana nhunzi ikaona chipingamupinyi munzira yayo, inokurumidza. uye kufambisa zvinobudirira. Zvinoshamisa kuti nhunzi haidi kuti imhanyirwe kuti ibve, uye haidi kuti imhare zvishoma nezvishoma. Kusvika iye zvino, vatsvakurudzi havana kukwanisa kunyatsodzidza nzira dzose dzekufamba kwakadaro kusina kujairika.

Mhando huru dzekubhururuka kwenhunzi

Hapana kupatsanurwa kwakajeka pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzekubhururuka uye kune misiyano yakawanda yavo.

Kazhinji, masayendisiti anoshandisa zvinotevera kupatsanura:

  • kukukurwa - chipembenene chinofamba pasi pesimba rekunze kwesimba, somuenzaniso, mhepo;
  • parachute - nhunzi inobvisa, uye inotambanudza mapapiro ayo mumhepo uye inoburuka, sekunge iri paparachute;
  • soaring - chipembenene chinoshandisa mhepo yemhepo, nekuda kwekuti kune kufamba mberi uye kumusoro.

Kana dipteran ichida kukurira chinhambwe chakakura (anenge 2-3 km.), Ipapo inokura kumhanya uye haimire panguva yekubhururuka.

Kubhururuka kwenhunzi. (Ona zvese!) #13

Inokurumidza sei nhunzi

Arthropod inobhururuka nekukurumidza kupfuura kufamba kunoita munhu. Avhareji yekubhururuka kwayo i6,4 km/h.

Kune marudzi ane akanyanya kumhanya zviratidzo, semuenzaniso, nhunzi dzinokwanisa kusvika kumhanya kusvika 60 km / h.

Kugona kweDiptera kubhururuka nekukurumidza kunovapa kupona kwakanaka: vanohwanda kubva kuvavengi uye kuwana mamiriro akanaka ekuvepo.

Inogona kubhururuka sei

Masayendisiti akakwanisa kuona kuti kureba kwendege kunogumira, asi zviratidzo zvichiri kushamisa - munhu mukuru anokwanisa kubhururuka kusvika pauriri hwegumi. Panguva imwecheteyo, inozivikanwa kuti zvinhu zvekunze, senge kumhanya kwemhepo uye kutungamira, zvinokanganisa kukwira kwendege.

Pamambure, unogona kuwana ruzivo rwakaonekwa kuti nhunzi dzinosvika pauriri hwe20, asi hapana humbowo hwekuedza hweizvi.

Nhunzi hadzifanire kukwira zvakanyanya: zvese zvadzinoda kuti pave nehupenyu hwese zviri pedyo nepasi. Vanowana chikafu chavo munzvimbo dzinoraswa marara, mukurasira marara nemumisha yevanhu.

 

fly speed.

Kubhururuka kwepamusoro kwenhunzi

Chipembenene ichi chiri kushamisawo mukukwanisa kufamba nzendo refu - chinokwanisa kubhururuka makiromita matatu. kusamira kweawa chete. Zvisinei, kuti mano aya azviratidze, chipembenene chinofanira kuva nezvikonzero zvakanaka.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, ivo vanofambiswa nezvinodiwa zvemuviri senge nzara, chishuwo chekuroora, kana kudiwa kwekukandira mazai. Kazhinji kazhinji havabhururuke madaro marefu, nekuti munzvimbo iri pedyo vanogona kuwana zvese zvavanoda.

Zvinoshamisa aerodynamic enhunzi

Mune aerodynamics, hapana chipembenene chinogona kuenzaniswa nacho. Kana vatsvakurudzi vachikwanisa kusunungura zvose zvakavanzika zvekubhururuka kwayo, zvino pamitemo iyi zvichave zvichibvira kuvaka ndege yemazuva ano. Munguva yekudzidza ndege dzekubhururuka, masayendisiti akanyora akati wandei anofadza mapoinzi:

  1. Panguva yekubhururuka, bapiro rinoita mafambiro akafanana nekukwasva nemakwairi - rinotenderera neruremekedzo kune longitudinal axis uye rinotora nzvimbo dzakasiyana.
  2. Musekondi imwe chete, tumbuyu twunobhururuka mazana emapapiro acho.
  3. Iyo ndege inofambiswa zvakanyanya - kuitira kutendeuka nekumhanya kwakanyanya ne120 madhigirii, nhunzi inoita mapepi gumi nemasere mu18 milliseconds.
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