Takawana 28 zvinonakidza chokwadi nezvezvinokambaira
Kutanga amniotes
Zvinokambaira iboka rakakura kwazvo remhuka, kusanganisira anopfuura zviuru gumi zvemarudzi.
Vanhu vanogara paPasi ndivo vamiririri vakagwinya uye vakasimba zvikuru vemhuka dzaitonga Pasi pasati paitika njodzi yeasteroid makore 66 miriyoni apfuura.
Zvikara zvinouya nemhando dzakasiyana siyana, zvinosanganisira kamba, makarwe makuru anodya, madzvinyu ane mavara nenyoka. Ivo vanogara makondinendi ese kunze kweAntarctica, mamiriro ayo anoita kuti kuvepo kweizvi zvisikwa zvine ropa rinotonhora zvisagoneke.
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Zvinokambaira zvinosanganisira mapoka matanhatu emhuka (odha uye suborders).
Idzi ikamba, makarwe, nyoka, amphibians, madzvinyu uye sphenodontids.
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Madzitateguru ekutanga ezvinokambaira akaonekwa paNyika anenge mamiriyoni 312 emakore apfuura.
Iyi yaive nguva yekupedzisira yeCarboniferous. Ose ari maviri huwandu hweokisijeni nekabhoni dhaikisaidhi mumhepo yePasi panguva iyoyo hwakakura zvakapetwa kaviri. Zvingangodaro, vakabva kumhuka kubva kuReptiliomorpha clade, iyo yaigara mumadziva anononoka uye machakwi.
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Vamiririri vekare vezvinokambaira zvipenyu ndivo sphenodonts.
Mafossils ekutanga sphenodonts akadzoka makore 250 miriyoni, kare kare kupfuura mamwe ose ezvinokambaira: madzvinyu (220 miriyoni), makarwe (201.3 miriyoni), turtles (170 miriyoni) uye amphibians (80 miriyoni).
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Vamiririri vapenyu chete ve sphenodonts ndivo tuatara. Rudzi rwavo rwakanyanya kudiki, kusanganisira zvitsuwa zvidiki zvinoverengeka muNew Zealand.
Zvisinei, vamiririri vemazuva ano ve sphenodonts vanosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kumadzitateguru avo akararama mamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Izvi zvipenyu zvechinyakare kupfuura zvimwe zvinokambaira; chimiro chehuropi hwazvo uye nzira yekufamba nayo zvakatonyanya kufanana nemhuka dzemusango, uye mwoyo yadzo ine chinyakare kupfuura yezvimwe zvinokambaira. Havana bronchi, single-chamber mapapu.
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Zvinokambaira imhuka dzine ropa rinotonhora, saka dzinoda zvinhu zvekunze kuti dzigadzirise tembiricha yemuviri wavo.
Nekuda kwekuti kugona kuchengetedza tembiricha yakadzikira pane yemhuka dzinoyamwisa neshiri, zvinokambaira zvinowanzochengeta tembiricha yakaderera, iyo, zvichienderana nemhando, inotangira pa24 ° kusvika 35 ° C. Zvisinei, kune zvipenyu zvinorarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyanyisa (somuenzaniso, Pustyniogwan), iyo iyo yakakwana yekushisa kwemuviri yakakwirira kudarika yemhuka dzinoyamwisa, kubva pa35 ° kusvika 40 ° C.
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Zvinokambaira zvinonzi hazvina kungwara kudarika shiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Chiyero che encephalization (reshiyo yehukuru hwehuropi kusvika kumuviri wese) yemhuka idzi i10% yeiyo yemhuka.
Huropi hwadzo hunoenderana nehuremu hwemuviri hudiki pane hwemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Zvisinei, pane zvisizvo kumutemo uyu. Uropi hwemangwena hukuru hunoenderana nehuremu hwemuviri wadzo uye hunovabvumira kuti vabatane nemamwe marudzi avo pakuvhima.
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Ganda rezvinokambaira rakaoma uye, kusiyana neamphibians, harikwanisi kuchinjana gasi.
Inogadzira chipingamupinyi chinodzivirira chinodzikamisa kubuda kwemvura kubva mumuviri. Ganda rereptile rinogona kuvharwa ne scutes, scutes, kana makwande. Ganda reReptile harina kusimba seganda remammalian nekuda kwekushaikwa kwedermis gobvu. Kune rumwe rutivi, dhiragoni yeKomodo inokwanisawo kuita. Muzvidzidzo zvekufambisa mazes, zvakaonekwa kuti turtles dzehuni dzinorarama nazvo zviri nani pane makonzo.
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Sezvo zvinokambaira zvinokura, zvinofanirwa kunyunguduka kuti zviwedzere muhukuru.
Nyoka dzinodurura ganda radzo zvachose, madzvinyu anodurura ganda mumavara, uye mumakarwe epidermis inoputika munzvimbo uye imwe itsva inokura munzvimbo ino. Zvipembenene zviduku zvinokura nokukurumidza zvinowanzodurura mavhiki mashanu-5 ega ega, nepo zvikara zvekare zvinodurura 6-3 nguva pagore. Kana vasvika pakukura kwavo kukuru, iyo molting process inodzikira zvakanyanya.
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Zvizhinji zvinokambaira zvinokambaira zuva nezuva.
Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekutonhora kwadzo, izvo zvinoita kuti mhuka iyi ishande kana kupisa kunobva kuZuva kwasvika pasi.
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Chiono chavo chakanyatsogadzirwa.
Nekuda kwezviitiko zvemazuva ese, maziso ezvinokambaira anokwanisa kuona mavara uye kuona kudzika. Meso avo ane nhamba huru yekoni yekuona kwemavara uye nhamba shoma yetsvimbo ye monochromatic usiku chiratidzo. Nechikonzero ichi, chiono chehusiku chezvinokambaira hachina basa kwavari.
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Kune zvakare mhuka dzinokambaira dzine maonero akaderedzwa kusvika zero.
Idzi inyoka dze suborder Scolecophidia, ane maziso akaderedzwa panguva yekushanduka-shanduka uye ari pasi pezviyero zvakavhara musoro. Vazhinji vamiririri venyoka idzi vanorarama hupenyu hwepasi, vamwe vanobereka se hermaphrodites.
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Lepidosaurs, kureva, sphenodonts, uye squamates (nyoka, amphibians uye madzvinyu) vane ziso rechitatu.
Nhengo iyi inodaidzwa nesainzi kuti parietal eye. Inowanikwa mugomba pakati pemapfupa eparietal. Inokwanisa kugamuchira chiedza chakabatana nepineal gland, iyo inokonzera kugadzirwa kwe melatonin (homoni yekurara) uye inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwekutenderera kwe circadian uye kugadzirwa kwemahomoni anodiwa kubata nekugadzirisa kupisa kwemuviri.
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Mune zvese zvinokambaira, genitourinary tract uye anus zvinovhurika munhengo inonzi cloaca.
Zvizhinji zvinokambaira zvinobudisa uric acid; turtles chete, semhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzinobudisa urea muweti yadzo. Kamba chete nemadzvinyu mazhinji ndiwo ane dundira. Madzvinyu asina makumbo akadai seanonokera nemonitor dzvinyu haana.
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Zvizhinji zvinokambaira zvine eyelid, yechitatu eyelid inodzivirira mboni yeziso.
Nekudaro, mamwe ma squamates (kunyanya geckos, platypus, noctules uye nyoka) ane mazero akajeka pachinzvimbo chezvikero, izvo zvinopa kudzivirirwa kuri nani kubva mukukuvadzwa. Zviyero zvakadaro zvakamuka panguva yekushanduka-shanduka kubva pakusanganiswa kwepamusoro nepamusoro pemaziso emaziso, uye naizvozvo anowanikwa mune zvipenyu zvisina ivo.
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Kamba dzine dundira mbiri kana kudarika.
Dzinoumba chikamu chakakosha chemuviri, semuenzaniso, dundira rekamba yenzou rinogona kuita 20% yehuremu hwemhuka.
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Zvose zvinokambaira zvinoshandisa mapapu azvo kufema.
Kunyange mhuka dzinokambaira dzakaita sekamba dzemugungwa, dzinogona kunyura madaro marefu, dzinofanira kuuya pamusoro nguva nenguva kuti dziwane mweya mutsva.
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Nyoka zhinji dzine bapu rimwe chete rinoshanda, iro chairo.
Mune dzimwe nyoka ruboshwe runodzikiswa kana kusavapo zvachose.
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Zvizhinji zvinokambaira hazvinawo mukanwa.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanofanira kubata mweya wavo vachimedza mhuka. Kunze kwemakarwe nematehwe, ayo akagadzira muromo wechipiri. Mune ngwena, ine basa rekuwedzera rekudzivirira kuuropi, iro rinogona kukuvadzwa nemhuka inozvidzivirira kubva pakudyiwa.
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Zvizhinji zvinokambaira zvinoberekana pabonde uye zvine oviparous.
Kunewo ovoviviparous marudzi - kunyanya nyoka. Inenge 20% yenyoka dzine ovoviviparous; mamwe madzvinyu, kusanganisira gonye rinononoka, anoberekawo nenzira iyi. Humhandara hunowanzo wanikwa mumazizi eusiku, chameleon, agamids uye senetids.
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Zvizhinji zvinokambaira zvinokandira mazai akafukidzwa nedehwe kana kuti calcareous shell. Zvose zvinokambaira zvinokandira mazai panyika, kunyange idzo dzinogara munzvimbo dzine mvura, dzakadai sekamba.
Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti vose vakuru uye embryos vanofanira kufema mhepo yemhepo, iyo isina kukwana pasi pemvura. Kutsinhana kwegasi pakati pemukati mezai nenharaunda yaro kunoitika kuburikidza nechorion, iyo yekunze serous membrane inovhara zai.
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Mumiriri wekutanga we“zvinokambaira zvechokwadi” aive dzvinyu Hylonomus lyelli.
Yakararama makore angangoita mamiriyoni 312 apfuura, yakanga yakareba 20-25 cm uye yakanga yakafanana nemadzvinyu emazuva ano. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvisaririra zvakaringana, pachine gakava rekuti mhuka iyi inofanirwa kuverengerwa semhuka inokambaira here kana kuti amphibian.
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Chikara chipenyu chikuru igarwe remvura ine munyu.
Varume vehofori idzi dzinodya dzinosvika pakureba kupfuura 6,3 m uye huremu hunodarika 1300 kg. Vanhukadzi ihafu yehukuru hwavo, asi ivo vachiri kutyisidzira vanhu. Vanogara kumaodzanyemba kweAsia neAustralasia, kwavanogara mumahombekombe ane machakwi emunyu uye murwizi deltas.
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Kapuka kadikidiki kanorarama irwaivhi Brookesia nana.
Inonziwo nanochameleon uye inosvika 29 mm kureba (muvakadzi) uye 22 mm (muvarume). Inogara iripo uye inogara mumasango anogara achinaya mvura ari kuchamhembe kweMadagascar. Mhando iyi yakawanikwa muna 2012 neGermany herpetologist Frank Rainer Glo.
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Zvikara zvemazuva ano zvidiki zvichienzaniswa nezvinokambaira zvekare. Iyo hombe sauropod dinosaur yakawanikwa kusvika nhasi, Patagotitan mayorum, yakanga yakareba mamita 37.
Hofori iyi yaigona kurema kubva pamatani 55 kusvika kunyange makumi matanhatu nemapfumbamwe. Izvo zvakawanikwa zvakaitwa muCerro Barcino rock formation muArgentina. Kusvika ikozvino, mafossils akawanikwa evamiririri 69 vemarudzi aya, akafa munzvimbo ino anenge mamiriyoni 6 emakore apfuura.
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Nyoka refu yakawanikwa nevanhu yaive mumiriri wePython sebae, inogara kumaodzanyemba nekumabvazuva kweAfrica.
Kunyange zvazvo nhengo dzerudzi urwu dzichiwanzosvika kureba dzinosvika mamita matanhatu, ane rekodhi akapfurwa pachikoro muBingerville, Ivory Coast, West Africa, akareba 6 metres.
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Maererano neWHO, vanhu vari pakati pe1.8 ne2.7 miriyoni vanorumwa nenyoka gore rega rega.
Somugumisiro, vanhu vari pakati pe80 ne140 vanofa, uye vanhu vakawanda nekatatu vanodimburwa makumbo nemaoko pashure pokunge varumwa.
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Madagascar inyika ine makamera.
Parizvino, marudzi 202 ezvikara izvi akatsanangurwa uye inenge hafu yawo inogara pachitsuwa ichi. Mhando dzakasara dzinogara muAfrica, kumaodzanyemba kweEurope, kumaodzanyemba kweAsia kusvika kuSri Lanka. Chameleons akaunzwawo kuHawaii, California neFlorida.
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Idzvinyu rimwe chete munyika rinotungamira mararamiro emugungwa. Iyi iguana yemugungwa.
Iyi imhando yemhando inowanikwa muGalapagos Islands. Anopedza zuva rose achizorora pamatombo omumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye anopinda mumvura achitsvaka zvokudya. Chikafu cheiguana yemugungwa chine algae dzvuku negirinhi.
Chokwadi chinofadzaZvinofadza chokwadi nezve crustaceans
ZvadaroChokwadi chinofadzaZvinofadza chokwadi nezve grey hero
