Takawana 28 zvinonakidza chokwadi pamusoro pemadandemutande
Chimwe chezvisikwa zvokutanga kuonekwa panyika
Madzitateguru ekutanga ezvienzaniso zvemazuva ano akaonekwa paNyika anenge mamiriyoni 400 emakore apfuura. Ivo vakabva kune zvipenyu zvemugungwa zve chelicerae subtype. Tateguru wekare wedandemutande remazuva ano rinowanikwa mufossil rekodhi ndiAttercopus fimbriunguis, ane makore 380 miriyoni.
1
Mhungu inonzi arthropods.
Aya ma invertebrates ane muviri wakakamurwa kuita zvikamu uye ane skeleton yekunze. Maspider anorondedzerwa se arachnids, ayo anosanganisira anenge 112 mhuka dzemarudzi.
2
Zvinopfuura 49800 marudzi emadandemutande akatsanangurwa, akakamurwa kuva 129 mhuri.
Iyo kupatsanurwa haisati yanyatsorongeka, sezvo anopfuura makumi maviri akasiyana emhando dzemhuka idzi akaonekwa kubvira 1900.
3
Muviri wemadandemutande une zvikamu zviviri (tagmas).
Iyi ndiyo cephalothorax uye dumbu, yakabatanidzwa nekoromo. Muchikamu chepamberi che cephalothorax kune chelicerae, shure kwavo kune pedipalps. Dzinoteverwa netsoka dzinofamba. Dumbu remudumbu rine nhengo dzakaita semoyo, matumbu, hurongwa hwekubereka, glands dzekotoni uye spiracles.
4
Hukuru hwemadandemutande hunosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nerudzi.
Diki mhando Pato Digua akaberekerwa kuColombia, ane urefu hwemuviri wake haupfuuri 0,37 mm. Madandemutande makuru ndiwo tarantulas, anogona kusvika 90 mm kureba uye gumbo span anosvika 25 cm.
5
Makumbo ese anokura kubva kucephalothorax. Mhungu dzine mbiri mbiri dzawo.
Aya ndiwo maviri e pedipalps uye mapeya mana emakumbo ekufamba.
6
Kana paine maburi padumbu redandemutande, aya matumbu esirika.
Anoshandiswa kuruka shinda yesiririka, panobva dandemutande rinogadzira utande hwadzo. Kazhinji kacho, dandemutande rine matinji matanhatu esirika, asi kune mhando dzine imwe chete, mbiri, ina kana sere. Sirika mambure anogona kushandiswa kwete kugadzira dandemutande chete, asiwo kuendesa urume, kuvaka makoko emazai, kuputira mhuka, uye kugadzira mabharumu/maparachuti kuti akwanise kubhururuka.
7
Gumbo rega rega rinoumbwa nezvikamu zvinomwe (kutanga kubva mumuviri, izvi ndezvi: coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus uye tarsus).
Gumbo rinopera mune nzara, nhamba uye kureba zvinosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwemhungu. Mhungu dzinoruka dandemutande dzinowanzova nenzara nhatu, ukuwo dandemutande rinonyatsovhima rinowanzova nembiri.
8
Chelicerae ine zvikamu zviviri kana zvitatu.
Vanoguma nemazino, ayo mhungu inobvarura muviri wemunhu akabatwa uye inozvidzivirira. Mumarudzi akawanda anoguma nemuromo wechepfu.
9
Iyo pedipalps ine zvikamu zvitanhatu.
Ivo havana chikamu che metatarsal. Muvarume, chikamu chekupedzisira (tarsus) chinoshandiswa pakubereka, uye chekutanga (coxa) mumhando dzose dzepabonde chinogadziriswa kuti zvive nyore kuti dandemutande ridye.
10
Kazhinji vane maziso masere ane lenzi. Izvi zvinozvisiyanisa nezvipembenene, zvine maziso akasanganiswa. Muono wemadandemutande mazhinji hauna kunyatsogadzirwa.
Zvisinei, uyu hausi iwo mutemo, sezvo kune mhuri dzedandemutande dzine matanhatu (Haplogynae), ina (Tetablemma) kana maviri (Caponiidae). Kunewo marudzi emhungu asina maziso zvachose. Mamwe mapeya emaziso akasimukira kupfuura mamwe uye anoita zvinangwa zvakasiyana, semuenzaniso maziso ekutanga ekusvetuka dandemutande anokwanisa kuona ruvara.
11
Sezvo dandemutande risina antennae, makumbo awo akatora basa rawo.
Iwo bristles akaafukidza ane kugona kubata ruzha, hwema, kutenheka uye mafambiro emhepo.
12
Mamwe madandemutande anoshandisa kutenheka kwezvakatipoteredza kutsvaga mhuka.
Izvi zvinonyanya kufarirwa pakati pemadandemutande-anotenderera. Mamwe marudzi anogonawo kutsvaga mhuka nekuona kuchinja kwemhepo.
13
Meso eDeinopis dandemutande ane phenomenal properties nemaitiro emadandemutande. Parizvino, 51 mhando dzemadandemutande akatsanangurwa.
Meso adzo epakati akakura uye anonongedza kumberi. Akashongedzerwa nemalensi epamusoro, anovhara nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo yekuona uye anounganidza chiedza chakawanda kupfuura maziso emazizi kana katsi. Kugona uku kunokonzerwa nekushaikwa kwe membrane inoratidzira. Ziso harina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka uye rinokuvadzwa zvakanyanya mangwanani ega ega, asi maitiro aro ekugadzirisa akatanhamara zvekuti rinokurumidza kupora.
Aya dandemutande haanawo nzeve uye anoshandisa vhudzi pamakumbo avo "kuteerera" kune mhuka. Saka, vanogona kuona ruzha mukati me radius yemamita maviri.
14
Kutenderera kwavo kweropa kwakavhurika.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti havana tsinga, asi hemolymph (iyo inoshanda seropa) inoputirwa kuburikidza netsinga mumakomba emuviri (hemoceles) akakomberedza nhengo dzomukati. Ikoko, gasi uye zvinovaka muviri zvinotsinhaniswa pakati pehemolymph uye nhengo.
15
Mhungu dzinofema nemumapapu kana nemhepo.
Pulmonary tracheae yakashanduka kubva kumakumbo emvura arachnids. Matracheaswo, maburi mumadziro emitumbi yedandemutande. Iwo akazadzwa nehemolymph, iyo inoshandiswa kutakura oksijeni uye inoita basa rekudzivirira.
16
Mhungu dzinodya.
Vazhinji vavo vanodya nyama chete, kunyange kune marudzi (Bagheera kiplingi) ane kudya kunosanganisira 90% yemiti yemiti. Vana vemamwe marudzi emadandemutande vanodya nekita yemiti. Kunewo dandemutande rakaora rinodya zvikuru maarthropods akafa.
17
Anenge dandemutande ane chepfu.
Kunyange zvazvo kune dzakawanda kwazvo, marudzi mashomanana chete ndiwo ane ngozi kuvanhu. Kunewo madandemutande asina matinji ehuturu zvachose, aya anosanganisira dandemutande kubva kumhuri Uloborides.
18
Basa riri kuenderera mberi rekushandisa huturu hwemamwe dandemutande kugadzira mushonga wezvipembenene wezvakatipoteredza.
Muchetura wakadaro uchakwanisa kudzivirira zvirimwa kubva kuzvipembenene zvinokuvadza pasina kusvibisa zvakatipoteredza.
19
Kugayiwa kunoitika zvose kunze uye mukati. Vanodya chikafu chemvura chete.
Chekutanga, muto wekugaya unopinzwa mumuviri wemhuka, izvo zvinonyungudutsa nyama yemhuka, uye nhanho inotevera yekugaya inoitika mushure mekunge dandemutande rapedza matishu aya mukati mekugaya.
20
Kugadzirisa kushomeka kwemapuroteni, dandemutande rinodya dandemutande radzinoruka.
Nekuda kweizvi, ivo vanokwanisa kuruka nyowani, nyowani pasina kudiwa kwekuvhima, kana dandemutande rekare risisakodzere chinangwa ichi. Muenzaniso mukuru wekutsvaira tsvina pakati pemhuka. Imwe nzira yakafanana inoitika mu shrimp, iyo inodya shell yavo panguva yekunyunguduka.
21
Mhungu hadzigone kuruma mhuka dzadzo.
Vazhinji vavo vane mudziyo wakaita semashanga mumuromo mavo unovatendera kunwa nyama yakanyungudika.
22
Iyo excretory system yedandemutande ine maleal glands uye Malpighian tubules.
Vanotora metabolites inokuvadza kubva kuhemolymph uye vanoitumira kune cloaca, kubva kwavanobuda kuburikidza ne anus.
23
Mhungu zhinji dzinoberekana pabonde. Urume hahupinzwe mumuviri wemukadzi kuburikidza nenhengo, asi hunochengetwa mumidziyo yakakosha iri pamakumbo emakumbo.
Kana zvigubhu izvi zvazadzwa nembeu murume ndipo paanozoenda kunotsvaka shamwari. Pakusvirana, dzinopinda munhengo yokunze yemukadzi, inonzi epiginum, panoitika kusangana. Kuita uku kwakacherechedzwa kumashure muna 1678 naMartin Lister, chiremba wechiRungu uye nyanzvi yezvakasikwa.
24
Mhungu dzechikadzi dzinogona kukandira mazai anosvika 3000 XNUMX.
Anowanzochengetwa mumakokoni esirika anochengeta mwando wakakodzera. Spider larvae inoitwa metamorphosis ichiri mumakoko uye inoasiya kana asvika pakukura kwemuviri fomu.
25
Hono dzemamwe marudzi edandemutande dzakakudziridza kugona kuita dhanzi rinonakidza kwazvo.
Ichi hunhu hunhu hwekusvetuka dandemutande, vane kuona kwakanaka kwazvo. Kana kutamba kwaita kuti mukadzi abvume, kusvirana kunoitika, zvikasadaro murume anofanira kutsvaga mumwe mudiwa, zvisinganyanyi kuda kufamba kwekatsi kwakaoma.
26
Huwandu hwakakosha hwemadandemutande hunosangana nekudya vanhu kwakabatana nechiito chekubereka.
Kazhinji kazhinji, murume anova nyajambwa wehadzi, kazhinji kazhinji panguva kana kuti pashure pokunge apora. Nyaya dzekuti murume akadya hadzi hadziwanzoitiki. Kune mhando dzinosvika ⅔ dzenyaya dzevarume dzinodyiwa nehadzi. Zvakare, mabasa emhungu emvura anodzoserwa shure (Argyronethia mumvura), uko hono dzinowanzodya hadzi duku uye dzinosangana nehadzi huru. Mumadandemutande Allocosa brasiliensis varume vanodya hadzi dzakura, dzine mano ekubereka anenge asisina kunaka seaya evaduku.
27
Kudya vanhu kunowanikwawo mumadandemutande achangochochonywa.
Ivowo, vanobvisa vanun’una vasina simba zvikurusa, nokudaro vachiwana betsero pamusoro pavamwe ndokuzvipa vamene banza riri nani rokusvika paukuru.
28
Madandemutande madiki ane hukasha zvakanyanya kupfuura vanhu vakuru, uye kubva pakuona kwekukura izvi zvine musoro.
Mhungu inodya chikafu chakawanda inokura kana yakura. Nokudaro, tinogona kufunga kuti iyo spider yakakura yatinosangana nayo (maererano nevamiririri vemarudzi ayo), iyo inowedzera hutsinye.
Chokwadi chinofadzaZvinofadza chokwadi pamusoro tsuro
ZvadaroChokwadi chinofadzaZvinofadza chokwadi nezve yakajairika thrush
