Takawana 17 zvinonakidza chokwadi pamusoro pezvipembenene
Boka gurusa remhuka
Mhando yezvipembenene yakakura. Kune avo vane hukuru hunoratidzwa muma micrometer, uye avo vane urefu hwemuviri hwakakura kudarika imbwa kana katsi. Nemhaka yokuti ndidzo dzimwe dzemhuka dzokutanga kuvapo, dzakachinjira kuti dzirarame munharaunda ipi neipi. Mamirioni amakore emhindumupindu akaaparadzanisa zvikuru zvokuti anogovera bedzi mativi mashomanene eanatomical.
1
Tupembenene invertebrates inonzi arthropods.
Ndiro boka guru remhuka munyika uye rinogona kuita 90% yeumambo uhwu. Zvisikwa zvinodarika miriyoni zvakawanwa kusvika pari zvino, uye panogona kunge pachine 5 kusvika ku30 miriyoni yemarudzi asingataurwi asara.
2
Ivo vane akati wandei akajairika anatomical maficha anoita kuti zvive nyore kuziva.
Muviri wechipembenene chimwe nechimwe chine zvikamu zvitatu: musoro, thorax uye dumbu. Muviri wavo wakafukidzwa nenhumbi dzokurwa dzechitinous. Vanofamba nemakumbo matatu, vane maziso akabatana uye peya imwe chete yegori.
3
Zvisaririra zvekare zvezvipembenene zvine makore 400 miriyoni.
Kutumbuka kukuru kwezvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana kwakaitika muPermian (makore 299-252 mamiriyoni apfuura). Nehurombo, huwandu hwakawanda hwezvipenyu hwakapera panguva yekuparara kwePermian, kutsakatika kukuru kukuru kwakamboitika paNyika. Chikonzero chaicho chekutsakatika hachizivikanwi, asi zvinozivikanwa kuti chakatora makore ari pakati pe60 ne48. Inofanira kunge yaiva muitiro woutsinye zvikuru.
4
Zvipembenene zvakapona pakuguma-Permian kupera kwechiitiko chakashanduka panguva yeTriassic (252-201 mamiriyoni emakore apfuura).
Yakanga iri muTriassic umo zvisikwa zvose zvipenyu zvezvipembenene zvakamuka. Mhuri dzezvipembenene zviripo nhasi dzakagadzirwa zvakanyanya munguva yeJurassic (201 - 145 mamiriyoni emakore apfuura). Zvakare, vamiriri vejena rezvipembenene zvemazuva ano vakatanga kuoneka panguva yekutsakatika kwemadinosaurs makore 66 miriyoni apfuura. Zvipembenene zvakawanda kubva panguva ino zvakachengetedzwa zvakakwana muamber.
5
Vanogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.
Zvipembenene zvinogona kuwanikwa mumvura, panyika uye mumhepo. Vamwe vanogara mutsvina, munyama kana mumatanda.
6
Ukuru hwezvipembenene hunosiyana zvakanyanya: kubva pasi pe2 mm kusvika kupfuura hafu yemamita.
Iyo rekodhi inobata nehukuru hwe 62,4 cm mumiriri we phasmids. Uyu muenzaniso unogona kuyemurwa kuChinese Museum muChengdu. Phasmids ndechimwe chezvipembenene zvikuru paNyika. Kusiyana neizvi, kapembenene kadiki imukonikoni. Dicopomorpha echmepterygians, vakadzi vacho (uye ivo vanopfuura hafu yehukuru hwevarume) vane hukuru hwe550 microns (0,55 mm).
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Hukuru hwezvipembenene zvipenyu hunoita se "chaizvo" kwatiri. Kana tikadzokera shure munguva inenge mamiriyoni 285 emakore, tinogona kushamiswa.
Panguva iyoyo, Nyika yaigarwa netupembenene hombe semukonikoni, chikurusa chaive. Meganeuropsis permian. Chipembenene ichi chaiva nemapapiro akareba 71 cm uye kureba kwemuviri kwemasendimita 43. Fossil specimen inogona kuyemurwa paMuseum of Comparative Zoology paHarvard University.
8
Zvipembenene zvinofema uchishandisa tracheas, iyo mweya unopiwa kuburikidza ne spiracles.
Matrachea maburi ari mumadziro emuviri wetumbuyu, ayo anobva apinda muhurongwa hwemachubhu ari mukati memuviri. Kumagumo emachubhu aya kune tracheoles yakazara-fluid iyo iyo gasi inotsinhana inoitika.
9
Zvipembenene zvese zvine maziso akabatana, asi zvimwe zvinogona kunge zvine mamwe maziso akapfava.
Panogona kuva nepamusoro pe3 yavo, uye aya ndiwo maziso, nhengo dzinokwanisa kuziva kusimba kwechiedza, asi dzisingakwanisi kubudisa mufananidzo.
10
Nzira yekutenderera kwezvipembenene yakazaruka.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti havana tsinga, asi hemolymph (iyo inoshanda seropa) inoputirwa kuburikidza netsinga mumakomba emuviri (hemoceles) akakomberedza nhengo dzomukati. Ikoko, gasi uye zvinovaka muviri zvinotsinhaniswa pakati pehemolymph uye nhengo.
11
Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinoberekana pabonde uye nekukandira mazai.
Vanoiswa fetereza mukati vachishandisa nhengo yekunze. Chimiro chemitezo yekubereka inogona kusiyana zvikuru pakati pemarudzi. Mazai anenge asangana anokandwa nemunhukadzi achishandisa nhengo inonzi ovipositor.
12
Kunewo zvipembenene zveovoviviparous.
Mienzaniso yezvipembenene zvakadaro zvipembenene zvinonzi Blaptica dubia nenhunzi Glossina palpalis (tsetse).
13
Zvimwe zvipembenene zvinosangana nemetamorphosis isina kukwana uye zvimwe zvinopinda metamorphosis yakakwana.
Kana isina kukwana metamorphosis, matanho matatu ekukura anosiyaniswa: zai, gonye uye imago (imago). Complete metamorphosis inopinda mumatanho mana: zai, gonye, pupa uye mukuru. Complete metamorphosis inowanikwa mu hymenoptera, caddis nhunzi, zvipembenene, butterflies uye nhunzi.
14
Zvimwe zvipembenene zvakajairana nehupenyu hwega, zvimwe zvinoumba nharaunda dzakakura, kazhinji dzepamusoro.
Madragonflies anowanzogara ari ega; zvipembenene hazvinyanyi kuwanda. Tupukanana tunogara muzvikwata zvinosanganisira nyuchi, nyuchi, mujuru nemajuru.
15
Hapana chimwe chezvipembenene chinogona kuuraya munhu nekurumwa kwavo, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti kuruma kwakadaro hakuzove kunorwadza zvikuru.
Chipembenene chine muchetura isvosve Pogonomyrmex maricopa vanogara kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweUnited States neMexico. Kurumwa nesvosve iri gumi nembiri kunogona kuuraya gonzo rine makirogiramu maviri. Hazviurayi kuvanhu, asi kuruma kwadzo kunokonzera kurwadziwa kwakanyanya kunotora maawa mana.
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Zvipembenene zvakawandisa zvipembenene.
Kusvika iye zvino, anopfuura 400 40 marudzi ezvipembenene izvi akatsanangurwa, saka anoumba anenge 25% yezvipembenene zvose uye 318% yemhuka dzose. Zvipembenene zvekutanga zvakaonekwa paNyika pakati pemakore 299 ne350 miriyoni apfuura.
17
Munguva dzazvino (kubvira 1500), dzinenge 66 marudzi ezvipembenene akatsakatika.
Zvizhinji zvezvipenyu izvi zvakatsakatika zvaigara pazvitsuwa zvegungwa. Zvinhu zvinonyanya kutyisidzira zvipembenene chiedza chekugadzira, mishonga yezvipembenene, kukura kwemaguta uye kuunzwa kwemarudzi anoparadza.
Chokwadi chinofadzaZvinofadza chokwadi nezve tyrannosaurs
ZvadaroChokwadi chinofadzaInonakidza chokwadi pamusoro pehozhwa