Zvinofadza chokwadi pamusoro pemvuu

Mvuu dzinoratidzwa nechimiro chakakura chemuviri, ganda gobvu rakapetwa, rinenge risina vhudzi, uye gobvu remukati memafuta enyama. Ivo vanorarama hupenyu hweamphibious uye vanogona kuramba vari pasi pemvura kwenguva yakareba. Mvuu, pamwe chete nedzimwe mhuri, dzakarongedzerwa muhurongwa Artiodactyla, iyo inosanganisira, pakati pevamwe: ngamera, mombe, nondo uye nguruve. Pasinei neizvi, mvuu hadzina hukama hwepedyo nemhuka idzi.

Kune marudzi maviri mumhuri yemvuu nhasi: mvuu yeNairi uye pygmy mvuu (rudzi ruduku zvikuru runowanikwa mumasango emvura uye machakwi eWest Africa).

Kusvika muna 1985, masayendisiti akabatanidza mvuu nenguruve dzepamba zvichienderana nechimiro chemazino avo. Data yakawanikwa kubva pakudzidza mapuroteni eropa, molecular phylogeny (makwara ekukura kwemadzitateguru, mavambo uye kushanduka kwekuchinja), DNA uye zvisaririra zvinoratidza kuti hama dzavo dzepedyo dzinorarama dziri cetaceans - whales, porpoises, dolphins, etc. General Thetateguru wemawhale nemvuu. Yakasiyana kubva kune mamwe artiodactyls makore 60 miriyoni apfuura.

Iyi ndiyo mvuu yeNairi (Hippopotamus amphibius), ine zita rinobva muchiGiriki chekare uye rinoreva kuti “bhiza rorwizi” (ἱπποπόταμος).

Nekuda kwehukuru hwayo, munhu akadaro anonetsa kuyera musango. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti avhareji huremu hwevarume vakuru i1500-1800 kg. Madzimai maduku pane varume, avhareji uremu 1300-1500 makirogiramu. Varume vakura vanogona kutorema kudarika 3000 kg. Mvuu dzinosvika pahuremu hwemuviri hwadzo pakupera kwehupenyu hwadzo. Vanhukadzi vanosvika pahuremu hwemuviri wavo mukuru pazera remakore makumi maviri nemashanu.

Musoro unogona kurema kusvika 225 kg. Mhuka idzi dzinogona kuvhura miromo yadzo kusvika pahupamhi hunenge mita imwe, uye kureba kwemazino adzo kunosvika pakakwirira masendimita makumi matatu.

Kazhinji kazhinji vanogara mumvura mukati mezuva uye vanoshanda chete manheru uye usiku. Vanobva vaenda kumahombekombe votsenga uswa mumafuro pedyo nemvura (vanodyawo zvirimwa zvemumvura). Mukutsvaga chikafu, vanogona kukwira kusvika 8 km mukati menyika.

Panyika, kunyangwe nekukura kwavo kukuru, vanogona kumhanya nekukurumidza kupfuura vanhu. Kumhanya kwavo kunogona kubva pamakumi matatu kusvika ku30, uye dzimwe nguva 40 km/h, asi chete nenzendo pfupi, kusvika mazana emamita.

Muviri wavo wakaita sedhiramu uye usina mvere. Mabristles aripo chete pamuzzle nemuswe. Makumbo mapfupi, musoro wakakura. Skeleton yavo inogadziridzwa kuti ikwanise kumira nehuremu hukuru hwemhuka; mvura yavanogara inoderedza huremu hwavo nekuda kwekubhururuka kwemuviri. Maziso, nzeve nemhino zviri pamusoro pedenga redehenya, nekuda kwekuti mhuka idzi dzinogona kunge dzakanyura mumvura uye nejecha renzizi dzinopisa. Mhuka dzinotonhorera pasi pemvura, izvo zvinodzidzivirira kubva pakupiswa nezuva.

Mvuu dzinoonekwawo nemazino marefu (anenge masendimita makumi matatu) uye zvigunwe zvina zvakabatanidzwa netambo yedandemutande.

Inodzivirirwa kubva kuzuva nechinhu chainoburitsa, inova sefa yezuva. Kubuda uku, kusiri ropa kana dikita, pakutanga hakuna ruvara, mushure memaminitsi mashoma kunoshanduka kutsvuka-orenji uye pakupedzisira kushava. Inoumbwa nemavara maviri (dzvuku neorenji) ayo ane acidic makemikoro akasimba, ane dzvuku pigment zvakare ine bacteriostatic properties uye inogona kunge iri mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya. Kupfekwa kwechiedza chemavara ese ari maviri ane hurefu mu ultraviolet renji, inodzivirira mvuu kubva pakupisa kwakanyanya. Nemhaka yeruvara rwezvadzinobudisa, mvuu dzinonzi “dzidikitira ropa.”

Mvuu yekare yaizivikanwa yaigara muusungwa paEvansville Zoo muIndiana yaive mvuu "Donna", yakagara ikoko kwemakore makumi mashanu nematanhatu. Imwe yemvuu dzekare pasi rose, Hipolis ane makore makumi mashanu nemashanu, akafa muna 56 paChorzow Zoo. Akagara nemumwe waaishanda naye, Khamba, kwemakore 55. Pamwe chete vaiva nezvizvarwa gumi nevana. Khamba akafa muna 2016.

Vanopedza maawa anosvika gumi nematanhatu pazuva varipo senzira yekutonhodza. Ivo vanogara zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzine mvura yakachena, asi vagari vekuWest Africa vanonyanya kugara mumitsipa uye vanogona kutowanikwa mugungwa. Havasi ivo vane ruzivo rwakanyanya kushambira - vanoshambira nekumhanya kwe16 km/h. Vakuru havagoni kushambira mumvura, asi vanongomira mumvura isina kudzika. Vana vadiki vanogona kuyangarara pamusoro pemvura uye kazhinji vanoshambira, vachifambisa maoko avo ekumashure. Vanouya pamusoro kuti vafeme 8-4 maminetsi ega ega. Vechidiki vanokwanisa kuvhara mhino dzavo kana vanyura mumvura. Kukwira nekufema kunongoerekana kwaitika, uye kunyange mvuu yakarara pasi pemvura inobuda isina kumuka.

Vanhukadzi vanosvika pakukura pabonde pamakore 5-6, uye varume pamakore 7,5. Vaviri vanorara mumvura. Mimba inotora mwedzi misere. Mvuu imwe yemhuka shoma dzinoyamwisa dzinoberekerwa pasi pemvura. Mhuru inozvarwa ine huremu hwe8 kusvika 25 kg uye kureba kweavhareji inosvika masendimita 45. Kazhinji mhuru imwe chete inozvarwa, kunyangwe nhumbu dzemapatya dzichiitika. Kudyiswa kwemhuka duku nemukaka waamai kunoitikawo mumvura, uye kurumurwa kunoitika pashure pegore.

Vanopedza maawa mana kusvika mashanu pazuva vachidya uye vanogona kudya kusvika 68 kg yezvokudya panguva. Vanodya zvakanyanya pauswa, zvishoma pamiti yemvura, uye pasina zvokudya zvinosarudzwa, pane zvimwe zvinomera. Kune zvakare nyaya dzinozivikanwa dzehutsika, hunhu hwekudya, kudyisa uye kunyangwe nyama yemunhu, kunyangwe matumbu emvuu asina kuchinjirwa kugaya chikafu chenyama. Uyu hunhu husiri hwepanyama, hunogona kukonzerwa nekushaikwa kwekudya kwakakodzera. 

Vanyori vepepanhau reMammal Review vanopokana kuti kudzvinyirirwa kunongoitika kumvuu. Mukuona kwavo, boka iri remhuka rinoratidzirwa nekudya kwenyama, sezvo hama dzavo dzepedyo, whales, vari carnivores.

Kudzidza hukama hwemvuu kwakaoma nekuti ivo havana dimorphism yepabonde - varume nevakadzi hazvizivikanwe. Kunyange zvazvo vachiramba vari pedyo nomumwe nomumwe, havaumbe zvisungo zvenzanga. Mumvura, varume vane simba vanodzivirira chimwe chikamu cherwizi, chinenge 250 metres kureba, pamwe chete nevakadzi gumi. Nzanga huru dzakadaro dzine vanhu vanenge 10. Aya matunhu anotemerwa nemitemo yekukopa. Muboka mune kupatsanurwa kwevarume nevakadzi - vanoiswa mumapoka maererano nebonde. Ivo havaratidzi territorial instinct kana vachidyisa.

Manzwiro avanoita anoyeuchidza nguruve, kunyange zvazvo inogonawo kurira zvikuru. Inzwi ravo rinogona kunzwika masikati, nokuti usiku havatauri.

Vanobvumira heron dzegoridhe kugara pamasana avo uye kudya tupukanana nezvipembenene zvinovatambudza kubva paganda ravo.

Dzinoratidza hukasha kumakarwe anogara mumvura imwe chete, kunyanya kana mvuu diki dziri pedyo.

Panewo kurwiswa kwevanhu, kunyange zvazvo pasina nhamba dzakavimbika panyaya iyi. Zvinonzi vanhu vanosvika mazana mashanu vanourayiwa pakurwisana kwevanhu nemvuu gore rega rega, asi mashoko aya anofambiswa nemuromo kubva kumusha uchienda kumusha, pasina kuona kuti munhu wacho akafa sei.

Mvuu hadziwanzourayana. Kana kurwisana kunoitika pakati pevarume, kurwa kunopedzwa neanobvuma kuti muvengi ane simba.

Izvo zvinoitikawo kuti varume vanoedza kuuraya vana, kana mukadzi anoedza kuuraya murume, kudzivirira vaduku - izvi zvinoitika chete mumamiriro ezvinhu ekukurumidzira, kana pane zvokudya zvishomanana uye nzvimbo inobatwa neboka inoderedzwa.

Panguva yetsvina, vanozunza muswe zvine simba kuti vaparadzire tsvina kusvika painobvira voitira weti neshure.

Mifananidzo yekutanga yemhuka idzi yaive mifananidzo yematombo (kuveza) mumakomo ari pakati peSahara. Imwe yacho inoratidza nguva yevanhu vachivhima mvuu.

MuEgypt, mhuka idzi dzaionekwa sedzine ngozi kuvanhu kutozosvikira vaona kuti mvuu hadzi dzinobata sei vana vadzo. Kubva ipapo, mwarikadzi Toeris, mudziviriri wepamuviri uye nguva yekusununguka, akafananidzirwa semukadzi ane musoro wemvuu.

Muna 2006, mvuu dzakaiswa munjodzi yekutsakatika paRed List of Threatened Species yakagadzirwa neInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), nehuwandu hwadzo hunofungidzirwa kuva vanhu vangangosvika zana nemakumi maviri nevashanu. zviso.

Chinonyanya kutyisidzira mvuu kudzibvisa pamvura ine mvura yakachena.

Vanhu vanourayawo mhuka idzi nekuda kwenyama, mafuta, ganda nemazino epamusoro.

Kazhinji kazhinji vanogona kuwanikwa mumaoases, madziva uye nzizi dzeSudan, Somalia, Kenya neUganda, pamwe neGhana, Gambia, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia neZimbabwe.

Munguva yekupedzisira yeaizi, mvuu dzaigarawo kuNorth Africa uye kunyange kuEurope, sezvo dzichijairana nemamiriro ekunze anotonhora, chero bedzi dziine madhamu asina aizi. Zvisinei, vakaparadzwa nomunhu.

Mhuka idzi dzakaunzwa kuEscobar's private zoo paHacienda Napoles ranch mumakore ekuma 80. Boka racho pakutanga raiva nehadzi nhatu nerume rimwe chete. Mushure mekufa kwaEscobar muna 1993, mhuka dzekunze kubva munzvimbo ino yekuchengetedza mhuka dzakaendeswa kune imwe nzvimbo, asi mvuu dzakasara. Zvakanga zvakaoma kuwana chokufambisa chemhuka huru idzi, uye kubva ipapo dzakararama upenyu hwadzo pasina anonetsa.

Mazuva ano, kune vakawanda uye vakawanda vavo muMagdalena River basin, uye vagari veMedellin nenzvimbo dzakapoteredzwa vatove vajaira kuswedera pedyo kwavo - vava nzvimbo inokwezva vashanyi.

Zviremera hazvifungi kuvepo kwemvuu sedambudziko panguva ino, asi mune ramangwana, kana huwandu hwavo huchiwedzera kusvika kumhuka dze400-500, dzinogona kutyisidzira kurarama kwedzimwe mhuka dzinodya munzvimbo dzakafanana.

Kubva 2012, huwandu hwavo hwawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri.

Maererano nekutsvakurudza, tsvina yemvuu (defecation mumvura) inoshandura huwandu hweokisijeni mumitumbi yemvura, iyo inogona kukanganisa kwete chete zvipenyu zvinogara imomo, asiwo vanhu.

Mhuka idzi dzinoparadzawo zvirimwa uye dzinogona kuita hukasha – murume ane makore makumi mana nemashanu okuberekwa akakuvara zvakaipisisa mushure mekurwiswa ne ‘cocaine mvuu’.

Enrique Cerda Ordonez, nyanzvi yezvipenyu paNational University of Colombia, anotenda kuti kukandira mhuka idzi kungave mhinduro kwayo padambudziko iri, kunyangwe nekuda kwehukuru hwadzo zvingave zvakaoma.